Understand Micrologic

Understanding Micrologic
Contents
 Range
 Protection against overloads
 Protection against short-circuits
 Protection against insulation faults
 Hardware
 Metering
 Others functions
 Monitoring and/or protection of loads
 Load shedding and reconnection
 Programmable controller
 Harmonic
 Asic and microprocessor self-protection

Micrologic
Range
Micrologic 6. 0 P
Measurement type
version
Current protection type
Measurement type Without A P H

Current protection type
2 : Distribution L, I 2.0 2.0 A
5 : Selective L, S, I 5.0 5.0 A 5.0 P 5.0 H

6: Selective and ground fault
6.0 A 6.0 P 6.0 H
L, S, I, G
7 : Selective and earth leakage 7.0 A 7.0 P 7.0 H

L, S, I, V
Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

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3
Protection against overloads
phases
LT setting
 Long-time protection (i²t) of the phases and the neutral
 Protect against premature ageing of cables
 Adjustable setting range using rating plugs
 standard : 0.4 - 1, low : 0.4 - 0.8, High : 0.8 - 1, plug OFF
 Setting to within one Amp with keypad or
via Communication

8
Protection against risk of fire
4
neutral conductor
 Neutral protection
 Adjustment :
 by three position dial on the 4th pole : 4P 3D, 3D+N/2, 4P 4D
 by keypad : OFF, 1/2, Full, 1.6 (3 pole breaker only)
 Settings :
 N/2 : IrN = 1/2 IrP, IsdN = 1/2 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP
 1.6N : IrN = 1.6 IrP, IsdN = 1.6 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP
 Oversized neutral protection
 protection against 3rd-order harmonics summed up in the neutral conductor
 3Pole breaker only
5
3rd harmonic in neutral conductor
6
IDMTL
 Long-time protection of the phases IDMTL type

(Inverse definite minimum time lag)
 High voltage fuse
 Extremely inverse time
 Very inverse time
 Standard inverse time
 Definite time
Improvement of discrimination with HV fuses

Better protection of switchgears
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7
Protection against short-circuits
 Short-time protection
 For low impedance short-circuits (80% of faults)
 I²t ON to improve discrimination with downstream protection, inverse time
ST pick-up
protection up to 10Ir
ST delay
 Instantaneous protection
Inst.  For solid short-circuits
pick-
up  N1 and H1 breaker : OFF position inhibits the instantaneous protection
 H2, H3 and L1 breaker : OFF postion = DIN value (shown on screen)
 RMS measurement with 20ms fixed time delay
Protection against risk of damage
8
Protection against short-circuits
Zone selective interlocking (ZSI)
 Principle :
 ZSI enables the control units to
communicate with each other. The system is
able to locate the short circuit or ground fault
and clear it.
 Functionning :
 ZSI allows the circuit breaker to ignore its
preset delay when necessary. The fault is
cleared by the nearest upstream circuit
breaker with no intentional time delay.
 Advantages :
 Faster tripping time without sacrificing
coordination
 Limitation of system stress by reducing
amount of let through energy.
Maximum : 100 circuit breakers interconnected

whatever the configuration

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9
Protection against insulation faults
Ground fault
 Ground fault protection
 Micrologic 6.0P
 Made mandatory by NEC
 Residual current Source Ground Return
Ig
Prevent risk of fire
10
Protection against insulation faults
Earth leakage
New  Earth-leakage protection

 Micrologic 7.0P
 Mandatory per standards NFC 15100 and IEC 364
 In a TT system, protects property against low level fault currents
 In a TNS system, protects installations where long cables are installed

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11
Hardware
Principle and power supply
ZSI M2C/M6C
ASIC Synchronous Microprocessor COM

Mitop Basic Exchange data Additional functions Module
protection L S I G V (monitoring, measurement,
Air CT analyses...)
Plugs : Isolation
Optical
Calibre/ Opto coupling
perform. Com
Iron CT Power supply

Trip unit
Surplus
power supply
Optional external 24V DC power supply for : Test

Standard Internal voltage sensor <690v programmable contact power supply and kit 24V DC
or when breaker is open : BUS
optional external voltage sensor for •Powers display, power
µP power supply and measurement •Identification, adjustments through “Com” module supply

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12
Metering
Principle
Samples
2 500,0
2 000,0
Refresh
1 500,0
1 000,0
500,0
Sampling 544µs
Samples @ 625 µs
I (Amps)
0,0
-500,0
-1 000,0
-1 500,0
-2 000,0
-2 500,0
0,0000 0,0020 0,0040 0,0060 0,0080 0,0100 0,0120 0,0140 0,0160 0,0180 0,0200
t (sec)
2 500,0
2 000,0
1 500,0
Samples of 6 cycles (32 points per cycle)
1s
1 000,0
500,0
1s Integration
I (Amps)
0,0
-500,0
-1 000,0
Instant. data
-1 500,0
-2 000,0
-2 500,0
0,0000 0,0200 0,0400 0,0600 0,0800 0,1000 0,1200
t (sec)
15 s (sliding)
5 to 60 min Integration
Demand data
5..60 min (fixed)

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13
RMS measurement
 Sampling frequency :
 1838Hz
 One measurement point every
544µs
 36 points per cycle
10ms
 RMS value calculation 20ms
36
 ( X ²)
RMS  1
36
14
Others functions
Principle
Programmable
Meter Monitor
Controller
IRMS Max I1
Instant. data P Q S Min / Max : Logging:
EP EQ Min f17
Data Logs
Demand Iavg Thresholds Historical Data

Pavg (pickup & dropout) Maintenance Data
Relay Activation
M2C/M6C
Breaker trip
Mitop

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15
Demand measurements
fixed or sliding window
 fixed window
 Measurement of active reactive and
apparent power sliding
 time intervals programmable
between 5mn and 1h
fixed
 values are refreshed at the end of
the time interval
 Sliding window
 Measurement of current and active
reactive and apparent power
 time intervals programmable 5mn to 1h
between 5mn and 1h t
 values are refreshed every 15s
15 sec
16
Power factor PF
 Power factor
apparent
 PF = P/S power S
P: active power reactive power
kVA
S: apparent power Q
kvar
active
power P
kW
Nota : cos ф= P1/S1

P1 : Fundamental active power
S1 : Fundamental apparent power
17
Power factor PF
Sign convention
Reactive Power Reactive Power Reactive Power
Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts +

VArs + VArs + VArs + VArs + VArs + VArs +
P.F + P.F - P.F + P.F + P.F - P.F +
Active Power Active Power Active Power
Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts +

VArs - VArs - VArs - VArs - VArs - VArs -
P.F - P.F + P.F + P.F - P.F - P.F +
IEEE : IEEE altenate : IEC :

PF sign = - Q sign(P/S) PF sign = Q sign(P/S) PF sign = sign(P/S)
18
Monitoring and/or protection of loads
based on current, voltage, power, frequency
• Current and voltage unbalance

• Maximum current (per phases & neutral)
• Minimum / maximum voltage
• Minimum / maximum frequency
• Reverse power
• Phases rotation
19
Principle of operation
variable
T1
Activation
threshold
Deactivation T2
threshold
Alarm generated
by Micrologic
20
Current unbalance ANSI 46
 Application
I average
 Protect rotating machines (motors,
generators) operating on balanced three- E max
phase supplies against ageing and slowing
 Balance single-phase loads on three-
phase distribution systems
 Detect phase loss
 Principle
I1 I2 I3
 the function compares the current
unbalance to the threshold previously set
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
by the user, for a time greater than the
time delay activation 5% to 60% of I
1% -10% to 0%
threshold average
 Example activation time
1 to 40s 1s -20% to 0%
 I1 = 2500A I2 = 4000A I 3 = 3400A delay
deactivation 5% to activation
 Iaverage. = 3300A threshold thresold
1% -10% to 0%
 Emax = I1 - Iave. = 800A deactivation
10 to 3600s 1s -20% to 0%
 DI = Emax /Iaverage = 24% time delay
21
Maximum current per phase and N
 Application
 Obtain the maximum current
demand in the presence of major I max
load fluctuations (welding machines, demand
crushers, hoists)
 Principle
 This function calculates the t1 t2
maximum demand value of the
current in each Ph and Neutral over
a sliding time interval. setting range adjustment steps accuracy
 The interval can be adjusted activation

0.2In to In 1A +/- 6.6%
threshold
between five minutes and one hour. activation time
15s to 1500s 15s -20% to 10%
 The value is refreshed every 15s delay
deactivation 0.2 In to activation
1A +/- 6.6%'
threshold thresold
deactivation
15s to 3000s 15s -20% to 10%
time delay
22
Voltage unbalance ANSI 47
 Application
U average
 Protect loads against vibrations,
temperature rise and premature
ageing E max
 Principle
 The function compares the voltage
unbalance to the threshold
previously set by the user, for a time
greater than the time delay. U12 U23 U31
 Example
 U12 = 330v setting range adjustment steps accuracy
 U23 = 390v activation 2% to 30% of U

1% -20% to 0%
threshold average
 U31 = 10V activation time
1s to 40s 1s -20% to 0%
delay
 U average. = 243v deactivation 2% to activation
1% -20% to 0%
threshold threshold
 Emax = U31 - U average. =233v deactivation
10s to 360s 1s -20% to 0%
time delay
 DU = Emax /U average. = 96%
23
Minimum voltage ANSI 27
 Application
 Protect motors against voltage drops
resulting in loss of torque and a
major increase in the current drawn
by the motor
 Check the output voltage of a
generator… U12 U23 U31 U12 U23 U31
Activation threshold dectivation threshold
 Principle U min U min
 The function is activated when one setting range adjustment steps accuracy
of the phase to phase voltages is
100V to Umax
below the threshold set by the user, activation
activation 5V - 5% to 0%
threshold
for a time greater than the time threshold
delay. activation time

1.2s to 5s 0.1s 0 to 20%
delay
 The function is desactivated when all Activation
deactivation thresold to Umax
3 phase are above the threshold. threshold activation
5V '- 5% to 0%
threshold
deactivation
1.2s to 36s 0.1s 0 to 20%
time delay
24
Minimum voltage ANSI 27
U max activation threshold

(maxi 1200V)
U min deactivation threshold

T2
T1
U min activation threshold
(mini 100V)
100V
Alarm
25
Maximun voltage ANSI 59
 Application
 Protect loads (motor and
transformer) against abnormally high
voltages that can result in
irreversible damage
 Avoid saturation of transformers
U12 U23 U31 U12 U23 U31
 Principle Activation threshold deativation threshold
U max U max
 The function is activated when one
of the phase to phase voltages is
above the threshold set by the user,
for a time greater than the time delay activation Umin activation
5V -0% to +5%
threshold threshold to 1200V
 The function is desactivated when all
3 phases are under the threshold activation time
1.2s to 5s 0.1s 0% to +20%
delay
deactivation 100V to activation
5V -0% to 5%
threshold threshold
deactivation
1.2s to 36s 0.1s 0% to +20%
time delay
26
Maximum voltage ANSI 27
1200V
T1
U max activation threshold
(maxi 1200V)
T2
Deactivation threshold
U min activation threshold

(mini 100V)
Alarm
27
Reverse power ANSI 32P
t
 Application Activation Reconnection
 Protect diesel engines from generators
operating as motors Deactivation Load
 marine applications, generator shedding
sets…
 Avoid power transfers between two
parallel-connected sources Reverse power
 Principle P kW
 The function is activated when the active
power flowing in the direction opposite set
by the user is greater than the activation
threshold for a time greater than the time activation
5kW to 500kW 5kW +/-2.5%
threshold
delay. activation time
0.2s to 20s 0.1s 0% to 20%
delay
deactivation 5kW to activation
5kW +/-2.5%
threshold threshold
deactivation
1s to 360s 0.1s 0% to 20%
time delay
28
Minimum frequency ANSI 81
 Application
 Check the frequency of a generator setting range adjustment steps accuracy
 Check the frequency across the 45 to Fmax
activation
terminals of a motor activation 0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz
threshold
 Avoid saturation of transformers threshold
activation time
following a drop in frequency delay
1.2s to 5 sec 0.1s 0% to 20%
activation
 Principle deactivation threshold to Fmax
0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz
threshold activation
 The function is activated when the threshold
frequency exceeds the set threshold deactivation
1.2 to 36s 0.1s 0% to 20%
for a time greater than the time delay time delay
29
Minimum frequency ANSI 81
F max activation threshold

(maxi 540Hz)
T2
F min deactivation threshold
T1
F min activation threshold
(mini 45Hz)
45Hz
Alarm
t
30
Maximum frequency ANSI 81
 Application
 Check the frequency of a generator
 Check the frequency across the activation Fmax activation
0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz
terminals of a motor threshold threshold to 540Hz
activation time
1.2s to 5 sec 0.1s 0% to 20%
 Principle delay
 The function is activated when the deactivation 45Hz to activation

0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz
frequency exceeds the set threshold threshold threshold
for a time greater than the time delay
deactivation
1.2 to 36s 0.1s 0% to 20%
time delay
31
Maximum frequency ANSI 81
540Hz
T1
F max activation threshold
(maxi 540Hz)
T2
F max deactivation threshold
F min activation threshold

(mini 45Hz)
Alarm
32
Phase rotation
F2
 Application
 Avoid reversed rotation of motors
 Check on coupling between generator and
distribution system (phase sequence)
F1
 Principle
 The function compares the actual phase
sequence with the selected sequence
 Alarm only
 Not available if the 400 Hz frequency is set
F3
Range of adjustment
D F F1,F2, F3 or F1 , F3 , F2
activation time
0.3s
delay
deactivation
time delay 0.3s
33
Load shedding and reconnection
based on current
t
 Application
 Ensure the continuity of service of reconnection
priority circuits by disconnecting non-
priority loads
 Principle
 The function is activated when the shedding
current exceeds the set threshold for I
a time greater than the time delay
activation
50 to 100% of Ir 1% +/-6%
threshold
activation time
20% to 80% of Tr 1% -20%+0%
delay
deactivation 30%Ir to activation

1% +/-6%
threshold threshold
deactivation
10s to 600s 1s -20%+0%
time delay
34
Load shedding and reconnection
based on power
P kW
 Application 10MW
 Ensure the continuity of service Activation
of priority circuits by
disconnecting non-priority loads Deactivation
 Principle 100 kW
 The function is activated when Alarm
t
the power exceeds the set shedding reconnection
threshold for a time greater
than the time delay
activation
200kW to 10MW 50kW +/-2.5%
threshold
activation time
10s to 3600s 10s -20%+0%
delay
100kW to
deactivation
activation 50kW +/-2.5%
threshold
threshold
deactivation
10s to 3600s 10s -20%+0%
time delay
35
Programmable controller
Alarms and relay outputs with distinct thresholds
 Alarm Activation T1
 on supervisor via Com module

 activation and desactivation after a
programmable time delay Deactivation T2
 M2C or M6C relay outputs t
 without latching ==> follows the Alarm

state of the alarm
 with temporary latching
Relays without latching
 programmable from 1s to
6mn
 with permanent latching ==> needs Relays with temporary from 1s to 360s possible Resetting
a resetting latching
Relays with permanent Reset

latching
36
Programmable controller
Alarms and relay outputs with identical thresholds
 Alarm
 on supervisor via Com module Activation/ T1 T2
 activation and desactivation after a Deactivation
programmable time delay
 M2C or M6C relay outputs

Alarm
 without latching ==> follows the
state of the alarm
 with temporary latching
Relays without latching
 programmable from 1s to
6mn
 with permanent latching ==> needs Relays with temporary from 1s to 360s possible resetting
to be reset latching
Relays with permanent Reset

latching
37
Harmonic
Definition
A periodic signal is a combination of :
 The original sinusoidal signal at the

fundamental frequency
 Other sinusoidal signals (the harmonics)

with frequencies that are whole-number
multiples of the fundamental frequency
 A DC component, where applicable

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38
Harmonic
Origin and effects
 Origin
Harmonics are caused by non linear loads such as :
 Welding machines
 arc/induction furnaces
 Variable speed drive
 office equipment (computer, copy machine, neon lighting…)
 Effects
The flow of harmonics in distribution systems can cause serious problems such as :
 Increased currents (oversized neutral)
 Additional losses and premature aging
 Disturbances to loads due to voltage harmonics
 Disturbances in communication networks

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39
Harmonic
Quality indicators
 These indicators are the indispensable tools used to determine any required corrective action :
 Measurement of the fundamental

 Phase displacement of the fundamental
 Harmonic distorsion THD
 cos ф, power factor
 K factor, crest factor
 Distorsion power, distorsion factor
 Amplitude spectrum up to order 31 st
 Displacement spectrum

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40
Harmonic
Total Harmonic Distortion
 Current THD%
 Current per phase
 Neutral current
 Voltage THD%
 Phase to phase voltage
 Phase - Neutral voltage
41
Harmonic
Fast Fourier Transfert
 Current harmonics
 each phase plus neutral
 up to 31st order
 Voltage harmonics
 phase to phase
 phase to Neutral
 up to 31st order

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42
Harmonic
Waveform capture (WFC)
 Triggered manually
 4 cycles
 magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In]
 magnitude V: [0- 690V]
 64 points /cycle
 Triggered on event (alarm > 1s)
 4 cycles (on supervisor)
 magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In]
 64 points /cycle
 triggered by a fault
 11/13 cycles (50/60 Hz)
 magnitude I : [ 0- 20 In]
 18/15 points /cycle (50/60 Hz)
WFC available through the COM option only
43
Asic and microprocessor self-protection
ASIC µPro
Self protection : Data

- temperature exchange Auto-test
- power supply reading Asic
µPro &
deficiency watchdog automatic
reset
Maintenance log
time recording :
Asic maxi temperature
ASIC error code
44
Asic and microprocessor self-protection
 ASIC self protection

 resulting in a circuit breaker tripping :
 excessive temperature >120°
 ASIC power supply deficiency (overvoltage)
 Indication :
 LED Ap « ON »
 display of error code on LCD screen
 Events log recording ===>supervisor
 µP self protection
 never trip the circuit-breaker
 Memory check sum
 Time-out
 Detection by the µPro of a serial link failure between µP and the ASIC
 Indication :
 Events log recording ===>supervisor (if communication still healthy)
45
That ‘s all for today !
46

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Understand Micrologic

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Understanding Micrologic

 Protection against overloads

 Protection against short-circuits

 Protection against insulation faults

 Monitoring and/or protection of loads

 Load shedding and reconnection

 Asic and microprocessor self-protection

Measurement type Without A P H

5 : Selective L, S, I 5.0 5.0 A 5.0 P 5.0 H

7 : Selective and earth leakage 7.0 A 7.0 P 7.0 H

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

 Long-time protection of the phases IDMTL type

 High voltage fuse

 Extremely inverse time

 Very inverse time

 Standard inverse time

Improvement of discrimination with HV fuses

Protection against risk of damage

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Maximum : 100 circuit breakers interconnected

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Prevent risk of fire

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

New  Earth-leakage protection

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

ASIC Synchronous Microprocessor COM

Iron CT Power supply

Optional external 24V DC power supply for : Test

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

5..60 min (fixed)

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Demand Iavg Thresholds Historical Data

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Nota : cos ф= P1/S1

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Reactive Power Reactive Power Reactive Power

Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts +

Active Power Active Power Active Power

Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts +

IEEE : IEEE altenate : IEC :

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

• Current and voltage unbalance

• Minimum / maximum voltage

• Minimum / maximum frequency

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

 The interval can be adjusted activation

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

 U23 = 390v activation 2% to 30% of U

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

delay. activation time

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

U max activation threshold

U min deactivation threshold

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

U min activation threshold

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN

Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN