1

Introduction to
Engineering Science
(IES)
DME1123
 2

Outcome 1:
Systems and Measurements
 3

Introduction
• Definition of system
? • Classification of system
– Engineering system
– Control system
– Measurement system
 4

Definition of A Systems
A system is defined as an arrangement
of parts within some boundary which
work together to provide some form of
output from a specified input.

Input Process Output

(Energy ) (product, heat,
vibration, waste,
scrap, etc.)
 5

Control System

• A system consists of input is used to

control the desired output value by certain
condition through the process.
 6
Control System

• Open – loop system

• Closed – loop system

 7
Open loop - Control System
• A control system that often requires
human intervention.
• The input of a mechanical system is the
place where the power and energy is
entered into the system.

Block diagram of open-loop basic element

Disturbance

Input Process Output

 8
Open loop - Control System
• Output is the point where the
power/product or other waste comes out
from the system.
• Output is the finished product of a
mechanical system.

Block diagram of open-loop basic element

Disturbance

Input Process Output

 9
Open loop - Control System
Example 1: Toaster

• Set the heating

time.
• The food is
heating for the
time setting.
• But the result to
the food condition
take out may
differ.
 10
Closed loop - Control System
• The output produce a response to
control the input by using feedback.
• Feedback  the return of information
from the result of a process.
Block diagram of closed-loop basic element
Controller
Error forming
device /
Disturbance
control law
Input +/- Process Output

Feedback /
measurement
 11
Closed loop - Control System
Example 1: Water level control system

Mechanical Water Water tank filled

Water level
Buoy level control up, Water supply
determined
blotted

Not enough water

inside the tank or
full?
 12
Closed loop - Control System
Example 1: Water level control system

piston

Fig 1: Valve Open

Channel for
water flow
arm

buoy
 13
Closed loop - Control System
Example 1: Water level control system

piston

Fig 2: Valve Closed

Channel for
water flow
arm

buoy
Water level increased
 14
Closed loop - Control System
Example 2: Speed control of shaft rotation

Disturbance
Comparison to
input setting
Output
Input +/- Motor rotating Rotating
setting shaft

Sense the result,

measurement
 15
Comparison Loop Systems
Open Loop Control Closed Loop Control
 Continuous
 No comparison between
comparison to reach
input and output value
the expectation set.
 Less sensitivity to any
changes  More accurate &
 Accuracy depends on precise (sensor &
calibration measurement)
 Own tendency to  Smooth response
become unstable  Need to have high
 Simple design sensitivity upon
 Example: air conditioner, changes
toaster, electrical fan  Complex design
 16

Measurement System
Typical Measurement Tools:-
• Extensometer
• Bourdon tube
• Manometer
• Hydraulic pressure
• Force measurement system
• Thermistor
• Cathode ray oscilloscope
 17

Measurement System
Block Diagram of basic element.

Input Signal Display

value Sensor Conditioner element

Processed
A system
The data
outputelementfrom
signal fromthethe
which signal Measure
conditioner
produces
sensor ato
to be be displayed;
signal
processed
relating
andtoeg: value
pointer moving
the quantity
produced across scale or a
thebeing
data.
digital readout.
measured.
 18

Measurement System
Common Units for
typical Measurement Tools:- S.I Metric
• Extensometer %strain %strain
• Bourdon tube Pascal (Pa) bar
• Manometer Pascal (Pa) bar
• Hydraulic pressure Pascal (Pa) bar
• Force measurement system Newton pound
• Thermistor ohm -
• Cathode ray oscilloscope hertz -
 19
1: Extensometer
 measuring the extension or elongation of a
specimen being strained.
Specimen

Extensometer
 20
1: Extensometer
 measuring the
extension or Power on

elongation of a
specimen being Grip
Specimen
strained.
Setting
Emergency Data
Button

Observe Record Testing in

Data Start to pull
data progress
 21
2: Bourdon Tube

Bourdon Tube Gauge

Pressure
 measuring gas pressure.
 connected to the chamber
or pipe in which pressure
is to be sensed.
 S.I Unit – Pascal or N/m2
 Metric Unit - bar
Connect to pipe
 22

Bourdon Tube Gauge

Pressure
 measuring gas pressure.
 connected to the chamber
or pipe in which pressure
is to be sensed.

 S.I Unit – Pascal or N/m2

 Metric Unit - bar

Connect to pipe
 23
2: Bourdon Tube

Bourdon Tube Gauge

Pressure
 measuring gas pressure.
 connected to the chamber
or pipe in which pressure
is to be sensed.

 S.I Unit – Pascal or N/m2

 Metric Unit - bar

Connect to pipe
 24
3: Manometer
• measuring pressure of gases and vapors.
• In general, it consists of a tube containing a liquid
of known specific density.

U shape manometer Industrial manometer

 25
3: Manometer
• measuring pressure of gases and vapors.
• In general, it consists of a tube containing a liquid
of known specific density.
Example:

Mercury density = 13600 kg/m3

Water density = 1000 kg/m3

U shape manometer
 26
3: Manometer

 Pressure, P = ρgh
Plow
(unit = N/m2 or Pascal)

 Density, ρ, (unit = kg/m3)

 Height, h, (unit = m)
Phigh

Phigh - Plow = ρg(hlow – hhigh)

P = ρg h
 27
4: Hydraulic Pressure
• It has a chamber (sensing element) which
contains hydraulic fluid.
• The force is applied to a diaphragm in the
chamber.
• The pressure sensing element can be
configured as flat diaphragm & convoluted
diaphragm

F
 28
4: Hydraulic Pressure
• The chamber will then connected to the hydraulic
pressure gauge.

Diaphragm area

Inlet
Pressure
 29
4: Hydraulic Pressure

 Pressure, P = ρgh
(unit = N/m2 or Pascal)

 Density, ρ, (unit = kg/m3)

 Height, h, (unit = m)

Phigh - Plow = ρg(hlow – hhigh)

P = ρg h
 30
5: Force Measurement System
Force, F applied
• The force to measure is
applied to the diameter
and caused the steel ring
to distort. Dial
• The amount of distortion is Indicator
proportional to the force
Steel ring
applied which is measured
using dial indicator. F
• Range  2 kN to 2000 kN
 31
6: Thermistor
Sensor Scientific
Pb Epoxy-Coated
Chip Thermistors

Cu

• An element that is use to measure

temperature changes in the range of –250oC
to 650oC.
• Exhibits a large change in resistance
proportional to a small change in
temperature
 32
6: Thermistor
Sensor Scientific
Pb Epoxy-Coated
Chip Thermistors

Cu

• Resistance element sense the number of

electron flowing at one time.
• Example: Input  40 electrons = T (120oC)
• Made by metal oxide (eg: chromium oxide,
cobalt oxide, iron oxide, manganese oxide
and nickel oxide.)
• Shape  Rod, Disc & Bead form
 33
7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

 Consists of cathode ray tube associated with circuits:-

Electron gun (e.g. Cathode, Modulator/control grid,
Anode, Focusing coil), & deflection system (e.g. X & Y
deflection plates).
 34
7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

 Used to observe waveforms, for measurement

of voltage, current, frequency, phase and
periodic time.
 Grid 10 mm x 10 mm – graticule.
 35
7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Cathode: electrons are produced by heating the filament.
Modulator: control the number of electron and lead to
form electron beam and brightness on screen.
 36
7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Anode: control the acceleration of electron by adjusting
the potential between cathode and anode.
Focusing coil: control the focusing of electron beam by
adjusting the potential between cathode and anode.
 37
7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
X-deflection plates :control the deflection of electron beam in
horizontal direction by potential applied between plates.
Y-deflection plates : control the deflection of electron beam
in vertical direction by potential applied between plates.
 38
7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Fluorescent screen : coated with a phosphor
materials. The beam focused on the screen and
produce a small spot(dot).
 39
7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

VO
Vpp

VI

T Tb
 7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 40

• The bright dot moves by electrostatic or

magnetically.

• Measure: Voltage in Y-axis, Time/frequency in

X-axis.

• CT oscilloscope: Useful instrument for signal

measurement. Able to measure signals
frequencies up to 500MHz.
 41
7: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Example 1:
Determine the magnitude of velocity for an electron
when the potential between cathode and anode was
adjusted to 4500 V.

[Given that, the charge of electron, e and mass of

electron, m are 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb and 9.0 x 10-31 kg,
respectively. (Ans: 16 x 105 ms-1)]

1 2
mv  eV
Formula:

2
 42

VO
Vpp

VI

T Tb

VI = Input voltage with unit V/cm, VO = Peak voltage,

Vpp = Peak to peak voltage, f = frequency, Hz = 1/T,
Tb = Time base with unit ms/cm or μs/cm
 43

VO
Vpp

VI

T Tb

Example 2:
From diagram shown,
Given, VI = 5 V/cm, Tb = 1 ms/cm.
Calculate the value for Vpp, VO , T and signal frequency, f.
(Ans: 10 V, 5V, 2 ms, 500 Hz)
44
 45

Any Questions?
 46
Practice
Select the option of True or False for each question
below. If True, then explain the reason, otherwise
provide the correction.
1. A system is defined as an arrangement
of parts within some boundary which
work together to provide some form of
input from a specified output.
output input False
Answer:

2. Measurement tool to measure an

extension in metal is cathode ray
oscilloscope. Extensometer
Answer:
 47
Practice
Select the option of True or False for each question
below. If True, then explain the reason, otherwise
provide the correction.

3. The measurement S.I unit use for pressure

measurement system is Newton. False - Pascal
Answer:

4. If the frequency of a voltage measurement

show on the oscilloscope is 125 Hz, and
the time base, Tb is set to 1 ms/division,
then the scale for one wavelength, T is
found as 5 scale division. Answer:
False
 48
Practice
Select the option of True or False for each question
below. If True, then explain the reason, otherwise
provide the correction.

5. When the level difference in the hydraulic

pressure measurement, h = 2.0 m, then
the pressure difference, P = 13.5 kPa, if
the gravity, g = 9.81m/s2 and the density,
ρ = 800 kg/m3. False – 157 kPa
Answer:
 49

• End of outcome 1.