Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Hippocrates
• John Graunt
• James Lind
• William Farr
• John Snow
• Joseph Goldberger
REVOLUTION
• Infectious diseases
• Immunizations developed
• Antibiotics discovered
• Advances
• Water purification
• Pasteurization
• Chronic diseases
• Causes
• Tabaco
• Diet and inactivity
• Alcohol
• Prevention
INFECTIOUS
DISEASE
INCIDENCE
• Food production
• Less malnutrition
• Clean water
• Pasteurization of milk
• Living conditions
• Sanitation
• Less crowding
DECLINE IN
INCIDENCE
• Chronic disease
• Cancer
• Heart disease
• Asthma
• Diabetes
• Violence
APPLICATIONS
• Roles in decision making
• Smoking
• Exercise
• Healthy eating
• Safe sex
• Hand washing
• Policy development
• Recourse utilization and allocation
IN ACTION
• HIV
• 1980
• Pneumonia
• Pneumocystis carinii
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Outbreak in gay men
• Epidemiologists looked for links
• Research
• 1986 AIDs is coined as a term
APPROACH
• Who
• What
• Environmental
• Social
• personal
• Other cases
• When
• Why
• Case definition – what determines
incidence of disease
NUMBERS AND
RATES
• Measure
• Describe
• Compare
• Looking for trends
• Rates
CHAIN OF
INFECTION
• Agent
• Host
• Environment
• Transmission
SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Social conditions • Population – risk is associated with
• Poverty population
• Socioeconomic status • Social – behaviors e.g. smoking
• Discrimination
• Multilevel – income, education
• Social implications
• Developmental – early life
• Social context
• Inequality
SOCIAL
DETERMINANTS
• Income
• Education
• Occupation
• Medical care
• Healthcare barriers
• Language
• Environmental exposure
• Discrimination
• Status
• Position
SOCIOECONOMIC
• Status and health
• Education level
• Family income Social determinants of health
• Education level
• Occupation influence health outcomes of
• Income the future.
• Income inequality
• Discrimination
APPLICATION
• Identify causes
• Study natural disease and prognosis
• Evaluate health care models
• Foundation for regulatory decisions
• Clues to changes over time
• Identify high risk subgroups
• Develop prevention measures
• primary – disease prevention
• Secondary – early detection
EPIDEMIOLOGISTS
• Epidemiologists – study distribution and
determinants of disease and injury
• Social Epidemiologists – study how
equality or inequality effects health
REFERENCES
• Truglio-Londrigan, M. Lewenson, S. (2013). Public Health Nursing Practicing
Population-Based Care. (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• What is Epidemiology? (2017). Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/careerpaths/k12teacherroadmap/epidemiology.html
• Whitehead, D. (2000, July 5-11). Is there a place for epidemiology in nursing?
[Journal]. Nursing Standard, 14(42), 35-39. http://dx.doi.org/
10.7748/ns2000.07.14.42.35.c2871
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