INTROD U CTION TO

EMBEDDED SYSTEM
AND PIC
PROG RA MMING IN C
DEC5052 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM
By: Shaifol Ifrad Ibrahim
A P P L I C AT I O N S
 CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

• Know the concept of embedded system

• Know c programming for PIC microcontroller
• Understand digital input and output (I/O) programming in
C
• Apply C program for time delay and I/O operations
 CONCEPT OF
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
 What are some components of a
computer?
What is a Microprocessor?
A Microcontroller?
An Embedded System?
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is
embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
Embedded systems control many devices in common use today
 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

• Central Processing Unit

– Interprets and carries out all the instructions contained in software
• Memory
– Used to store instructions and data
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Input/Output
– Used to communicate with the outside world
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
a) Central processing unit (CPU)
b) Main memory
c) Secondary memory
d) Input unit
e) Output unit
MICROPROCESSOR

• A single chip that contains a whole CPU

– Has the ability to fetch and execute instructions stored in memory
– Has the ability to access external memory, external I/O and other
peripherals
• Examples:
– Intel P4 or AMD Athlon in desktops/notebooks
– ARM processor in Apple iPod
MICROCONTROLLER

• Essentially a microprocessor with on-chip memories and I/O devices

• Designed for specific functions
• All in one solution - Reduction in chip count
– Reduced cost, power, physical size, etc.
• Examples
– PIC16F877A, MC68332, MC68HC11, PPC555
• More details of components
– A/D and D/A converters, PWM, communications,
timing circuits, many others
MICROCONTROLLER AND ITS
COMPONENT
MICROPROCESSOR IN A
MICROCONTROLLER
 MICRO P VS MICRO C
Microprocessor-based System Microcontroller-based System

ROM EEPROM

RAM
Microprocessor

Serial I/O

A/D Input Input Parallel I/O

and and
Analog output output
I/O ports ports Timer
D/A
PWM
 MICRO P VS MICRO C cont…

• The microprocessor is a processor on one silicon

chip.
• The microcontrollers are used in embedded
computing.
• The microcontroller is a microprocessor with added
circuitry.
WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

• An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system

designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with
real-time computing constraints.
• It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including
hardware and mechanical parts.
• In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal
computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming.
• Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use
today.
-- Wikipedia
DEFINITION FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEM

• Computer purchased as part of some other piece of

equipment
• Typically dedicated software (may be user-customizable)
• Often replaces previously electromechanical components
• Often no “real” keyboard
• Often limited display or no general-purpose display device
• Computing systems embedded within electronic devices
• Nearly any computing system other than a desktop computer
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
• Single-functioned
– Executes a single program, repeatedly.

• Tightly-constrained
– Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.

• Reactive and real-time

– Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment.
– Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
EMBEDDED SYSTEM APPLICATION
MICROCONTROLLER IN A CAR
CAR ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER
APPLICATION
• Design and Efficiency
– The central processing core in embedded systems is generally less
complicated, making it easier to maintain.
– The limited function required of embedded systems allows them to
be designed to most efficiently perform their functions.

• Cost
– The streamlined make-up of most embedded systems allows their
parts to be smaller less expensive to produce.
ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER
APPLICATION
• Accessibility

• Maintenance

• Redundancies
ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER
APPLICATION
• Replacement of discrete logic-based circuits.

• Provide functional upgrades.

• Improve mechanical performance.

• Replacement of analog circuits.

• Give an example for each of these group:

- Home automation
- Office automation
- Automotive
- Industrial automation
EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLE
Automotive: Office Home
• Ignition System Automation: Automation:
• Engine Control • Fax Machine • Appliances
• ABS • Laser Printers • Intercom
• Air Bag • Color Printer • Telephones
• Instrumentation • Scanners • Security Systems
• Security System • Paging • TVs
• Transmission • Copier • Cable TV Tuner
Control • Air conditioner • Camcorder
• Entertainment • DVD Player
• Climate Control Industrial • Remote control
• Cellular Phone Control: • Video Games
• Keyless Entry • Robotics and Control Systems • Lighting Control
• Toys
• Sewing Machines