Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy
Eleventh Meeting
History of Multiplexing
 Synchronous digital
hierarchy (SDH) is a world-
wide standard for digital
communication network.
 Two other systems were
before it:
 the plesiochronous digital
hierarchy (PDH) and
 frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).
 Frequency division
multiplexing (FDM):
 a number of signals share
a medium that has a much
larger bandwidth.
 Support of many stages
Time Division Multiplexing (two ways)
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
 Basic data transfer rate is 2048 Kbps
 It is broken in
 30 x 64Kbps
 2 x 64Kbps (synchronization and signaling)
 The exact are of the 2Mpbs is controlled by a clock with some
percentage +/- %0.005
 What is Justification or Stuffing
 Extra bits that are need to reconstruct correctly
Synchronous Transport Module (STM)

 STM-1 Frame
 STM-1 frame is
designed this way
because
 transport the full
range of PDH bit-
rates
 provide sufficient
flexibility to
transport future
services based
Building transport (interleaving)

 The transmission of digital signals over optical fibre allows for

transmission rates far in excess of the 155.52 Mbit/s defined as
the aggregate rate for STM-1.
 STM- 4 622.080 Mbit/s
 STM-16 2488.32 Mbit/s
 STM-64 9953.28 Mbit/s
SDH Multiplexing Structure
STM1 Frame
 Equals to 9 × 270 byte block.
 AU-4 = payload area (9 × 261)
 The pointer address is located in row four of the overhead
 The location of the start of the VC-4
 The floating nature of the virtual containers and the pointer is one of
the key features of SDH.
 The VC-4 occupies the whole payload area of the AU-4.
AU-4 Pointer
 VC-4 holds
 Lower-order virtual
containers,
 Tributary unit (TU)
pointers
 Indicate the start
position of lower-
order VCs.
 The AU-4 pointer
marks the location of
the beginning of VC-4
 TU pointers
 Have a fixed position
within the VC-4.
 Mark the start of
lower-order VCs.
Simple Transmission System

 Two connected multiplexers on an optical link

 Containing three regenerators.
Generators
 SDH signals is sent to a distant location,
 Logical signal is converted to a physical signal.
 Carried out by the STM-n multiplexer.
 Signals are attenuated and distorted
 The regenerator detects the incoming optical signal and ‘regenerates’ a perfectly
formed signal with the same information content.
 The distant STM-1 multiplexer receives the optical signal and reconverts it into a
logical signal for processing.
Overhead

 Overhead functionality two types.

 operation and maintenance of the SDH signal
itself
 Provides framing, identification and alarm indication.
 error performance indication and data
communications channels,
 Provide error performance monitoring and an
embedded management communication channel.
Section overhead
 regenerator section
overhead (RSOH)
 multiplex section
overhead (MSOH).
 A1 and A2 bytes together
contain a frame alignment
word.
 The frame alignment word
is repeated with each
frame to maintain
alignment and re-
alignement.
 When STM-1 signals are
multiplexed into an STM-4,
then the C1 byte allows
each STM-1 to be uniquely
identified.
 The B2 bytes provide an
error monitoring capability
 (D1 to D12) is to provide an
embedded data
communications link
Alignment Example
X Y Z

C1 C1 C1
Expected: A1 A1 A1 A1

Read: A1 A1 A1 A1

Source: Z A1 A1 A1
Alignment Example
Y Z
X

C1 C1
Expected: A1 C1 A1 A1

Read: A1 A1 A1 A1

Source: X A1 A1 A1
A1
Alignment Example
Z
X Y

C1
Expected: A1 C1 C1 A1

Read: A1 A1 A1 A1

Source: Y A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
Alignment Example
Z
X Y

C1
C1 C1 A1

No reading A1 A1 A1
because of A1 A1 A1
attenuation
A1 A1
Alignment Example
Z
Y
X

C1
Expected: C1 C1 A1
C1 A1 A1
Read: C1
A1 A1 A1
Source: X
A1 A1
A1
Alignment Example
Z

X Y

C1
Expected: C1 A1
C1 C1 A1
Read: C1
A1 A1 A1
Source: Y
A1 A1
A1 A1
Alignment Example
Z
X Y

Require
Expected: C1
Alignment
C1
C1 C1 A1
Read: A1
A1 A1 A1
Source: Z
A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
Path Overhead
J1

B3

C2

G1  9 bytes, arranged in one column,

F2 dedicated to management and
H4
supervision of that path.
Z3

Z4

Z5