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and Semiconductors
• Conductors: mostly metals
• Insulators: mostly nonmetal materials
– we’ll study allotropes of carbon and study
their properties
• Semiconductors: metalloids
1
Solids: Conductors, Insulators
and Semiconductors
Conduction Band: white
Band gap
No gap
Valence Band
in red
4
Bonding in Metals
• Molecular orbital theory gives a more
detailed picture of the bonding in metals.
5
Bonding in Metals
• Molecular orbital theory gives a more
detailed picture of the bonding in metals.
6
Bonding in Metals
• Molecular orbital theory gives a more
detailed picture of the bonding in metals.
7
Bonding In
Metals:
Lithium
according to
Molecular
Orbital
Theory
8
Sodium According to Band Theory
Conduction band:
empty 3s antibonding
No gap
Valence band:
full 3s bonding
9
Magnesium
10
Magnesium
Conduction band:
empty
No gap: conductor
Valence band:
full
Conductor 11
Solids: Conductors, Insulators
and Semiconductors
Conduction Band: white
Band gap
No gap
Valence Band
in red
13
Diamond
• Diamond has a three-dimensional network
structure in which each carbon is singly-bonded
to four others with sp3 hybridization.
• Diamond is a covalent network solid
– each carbon covalently bonded to 4 others.
• Diamonds are the hardest substance known.
– must break carbon-carbon bonds
• Diamonds have a melting point of 3550°C.
– must break carbon-carbon bonds
14
Structure of Diamond
15
Diamond
• Diamond has a three-dimensional network structure in
which each carbon is singly-bonded to four others with sp3
hybridization.
• Why do diamonds conduct heat?
– Metals conduct heat because the the mobile electrons can
carry additional kinetic energy.
– Diamonds are insulators and have no mobile electrons.
– Diamonds conduct heat through high frequency (= high
energy) vibrations that transmit over long distances
• Diamonds conduct heat 4 times better than copper!
16
Graphite
• Graphite has a layered structure, in which
the carbon atoms in each layer bond to three
other carbons with sp2 orbitals.
• Graphite’s primary use is in the
manufacture of electrodes for electrolysis
and batteries.
– Of the covalent network solids, only graphite
conducts electricity.
– This is due to the delocalization of the resonant p
electrons in graphite’s sp2 hybridization. 17
Structure of Graphite
18
Fullerenes
• The fullerenes are a family of molecules with a
closed cage of carbon atoms arranged in
pentagons and hexagons. Each carbon is sp2
hybridized.
– The most symmetrical member is
buckminsterfullerene, C60.
– Buckminsterfullerenes show potential for
applications in superconductivity and catalytic
activity.
19
Buckminsterfullerene
Figure 13.25:
A frame
model
of C60.
By permission of Dr.
Richard Smalley, Rice
University
20
Solids: Conductors, Insulators
and Semiconductors
Diamond
Graphite
Conductor Insulator 21
Solids: Conductors, Insulators
and Semiconductors
Band Gap for Semiconductors
Diamond 5.5 eV
Si 1.1 eV
Band gap
Ge 0.67 eV
Semiconductor 22
Semiconductors
• Metalloids: semiconducting elements
– low electrical conductivity at room temperature
– Electrical conductivity increases with temp.
• Gap between valence and conduction band
is intermediate in size
23
Semiconductors
• Semiconducting elements form the basis of
solid state electronic devices.
– Metalloids (such as silicon or germanium) are
semiconducting elements whose electrical
conductivity increases as temperature increases.
– A striking property of these elements is that their
conductivities increase markedly when they are
doped with small quantities of other elements.
24
Semiconductors
• Semiconducting elements form the basis of
solid state electronic devices.
– When silicon is doped with phosphorus, it
becomes an n-type semiconductor, in
which electric current is carried by
electrons.
25
Semiconductors
• Semiconducting elements form the basis of
solid state electronic devices.
– When silicon is doped with boron, it
becomes a p-type semiconductor, in
which an electrical current is carried by
positively charged holes
26
Semiconductors
• Semiconducting elements form the basis of
solid state electronic devices.
– Joining a p-type semiconductor to an n-
type semiconductor produces a p-n
junction, which can function as a rectifier.
– A rectifier is a device that allows current to
flow in one direction, but not the other.
27
Figure 13.29: Effect of doping silicon.
28
Figure 13.30:
A p-n junction as a
rectifier.
29