Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quick Review
– Hydrostatic
– Applied pressure
– Differential pressure
Buoyancy
Hook load and buoyancy factor
Free Point
Changes in tubing length
– Due to temperature
– Due to stress
– Due to ballooning/reverse ballooning
2 Downhole Hydraulics
Quick Review
Force
Pressure Force = Pressure x Area
Area
Hydrostatic pressure:
– The pressure caused by a column of fluid.
Phyd (psi) = Density (ppg) x Length (ft) x 0.052
Applied pressure
– Usually associated with a pump, or pressure from
the formation
Differential pressure
– The difference between pressures acting on
different sides of a body (a pipe, a piston, etc.).
3 Downhole Hydraulics
Example
Calculate the differential pressure acting on the
tubing just above the packer:
3,000 psi
Brine 9 PPG
Applied Pressure
Brine 9 PPG
16 PPG 6,000 ft
CMT
10,000 ft
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Example
PTBG = PHYD (Brine) TBG + PHYD (CMT) + 3000 psi
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Buoyancy
When a body is immersed in a fluid, the
hydrostatic pressure of the fluid applies a force
trying to push the body upwards. This force is
called buoyant force.
F = PHYD x area
6 Downhole Hydraulics
Hook Load
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Hook Load
ex: Calculate the hook load
5 1/2” 17 #/ft
10 PPG MUD
A x 5.5 A 23.76 in 2
2
4
5000’
950’
1000’
9 Downhole Hydraulics
Hook Load
O. A x 30 O. A 706.85 in 2
2
4
I. A x ( 28.75) 2 I . A 649.18 in 2
4
I.P = (950’ x 8.5#/gal. x 0.052) + (50’ x 15.8#/gal x 0.052) I.P = 461 psi
HYD FORCE (Inside) = 461 psi x 649.18 in2 HYD FORCE = 299272#
10 Downhole Hydraulics
Open Ended Pipe
Calculate the Hook Load
5 1/2” 17#/ft.
10#/GAL MUD
5000’
11 Downhole Hydraulics
Open Ended Pipe
1"
OD 5
2
ID 4.892"
A
4
OD 2 ID 2
A
4
. 2 4.892 2 A 4.962
55 IN 2
12 Downhole Hydraulics
Buoyancy Factor
13 Downhole Hydraulics
Buoyance Factor
Applying on Previous Example:
Mud 10 ppg B.F. = 1 - [0.01528 X 10]
B.F. = 0.8472
Pipe Weight = 17#/ft
Pipe effective weight = pipe weight x B.F.
Pipe effective weight = 17#/ft x 0.8472 Pipe eff. weight = 14.4#/ft
Hook load = 5000’ x 14.4#/ft Hook Load = 72000#
Note #1: The buoyancy factor for different mud weights can be
found in the handbook, page 300.037.
Note #2: The buoyancy factor can only be applied when pipe is full
with the same fluid in the annular and there is no
differential pressure between annulus and
14 Downhole Hydraulics
tubing.
String with Two Sizes of Pipe
12 ppg Mud
15 Downhole Hydraulics
String with Two Sizes of Pipe
12 ppg Mud
17 Downhole Hydraulics
String with Two Sides of Pipe
HYD Press. on top of DC = 12 x 0.052 x 5000 = 3120 psi
18 Downhole Hydraulics
String with Two Sides of Pipe
Area on outside top of DC = 28.27 - 15.90 = 12.37
in2
Area on inside top of DC = 11.50 - 4.91 = 6.59 in2
Total area on top of DC = 12.37 + 6.59 = 18.96 in2
Area on bottom of DC = 28.27 - 4.91 = 23.36 in2
20 Downhole Hydraulics
Changes While Displacing
21 Downhole Hydraulics
Changes While Displacing
After Displacing:
Ann. Hyd. Pressure = 14.2 x 8000 x 0.052 = 5907
psi
D.P. Hyd. Pressure = 8.34 x 8000 x 0.052 = 3469
psi
D. P. I. D. Area x 3.826 11.4969 in 2
2
4
D.P. Surface Pressure = 5907 psi - 3469 psi =
2438 psi
23 Downhole Hydraulics
Free Point Calculations
Tubing hanging in a well
Tension
Depth
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Free Point Calculations
Packing set with 15000#
Tension
Depth
Free Point
15000#
Compression
25 Downhole Hydraulics
To Calculate the Free Point
Calculate the effective weight of the pipe(s),
including buoyancy.
Calculate the Hook Load.
Divide the Hook Load or the compression force
by the effective weight of the string.
Find the Free Point.
26 Downhole Hydraulics
To Calculate the Free Point
DP 5” 19.5#/ft
Mud 10#/gal
15000# 10000’
DP 5” 19.5#/ft
Mud
10#/gal DC 6” 79.4#/ft
3000’
3500’
15000#
28 Downhole Hydraulics
To Calculate the Free Point
Buoyancy Factor = 0.8472
D.P. effective weight = 19.5 x 0.8472 = 16.52#/ft
D.C. effective weight = 79.4 x 0.8472 = 67.27#/ft
As the Hook Load is > than DP weight, the free point is on the drill collars:
68195# 49560#
F . P. 277 ft FP 3500
0 277
67.27#/ ft
FP 3277 ft
or
15000#
F . P. 3500' FP 3277 ft
29 Downhole Hydraulics 67.27 #/ ft
Graphic Forces Versus Depth
Tension
0’ 68195#
Depth
3000’
3277’
Free Point
3500’ 15000#
30 Downhole Hydraulics
Changes in Tubing Length
Factors than can affect tubing length:
– Temperature
– Stress
– Ballooning / reverse ballooning
31 Downhole Hydraulics
Temperature
Temperature increases pipe expands
Temperature decreases pipe contracts
Temperature will change:
– production
– injection
32 Downhole Hydraulics
Temperature
Temperature effect: L Lo x x T
where:
Lo = original length of pipe
= temperature elongation factor (0.0000069
oF-1)
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Temperature
150 F 70 o o
110 F 70 40 F o o o
L Lo x x
1
L 1000' x 0.0000069 F o
x 40
L 2.76 ft .
35 Downhole Hydraulics
Temperature
Ex. 2: How much force will you have on the
packer below if after pumping in a frac job, the
string is cooled down to 70o F (worst
case)? 70o F
3-1/2” 12.8#/ft.
15000#
150o F
36 Downhole Hydraulics
Temperature
A . 2 2.764 2 A 3.62 in 2
x 35
4
150o F 70o F
Temp. average Temp. average 110o F
2
37 Downhole Hydraulics
Stress
The stretch caused by stress can be calculated by
the Hooke’s law.
F xL
S
ExA
Where:
S = Stretch of tubing length (ft.)
F = Average force pulling on tubing (lb).
L = Length of tubing (ft.)
E = Young’s Module (30 x 106 psi)
A = Cross Section area (in2)
38 Downhole Hydraulics
Stress
Ex. 1: Calculate the change in length caused by
stress of 10000’ of 3-1/2” 12.8#/ft. tubing
hanging in a well with 10#/gal. mud.
108400#
Average Stress
39 Downhole Hydraulics
Stress
Buoyancy Factor = 0.8472
Pipe weight in mud = 12.8#/ft x 0.8472 = 10.84#/ft.
Hook Load
Average Stress = 54200#
2
A = 3.62 in2
54200# x 10000'
S = S 4.99 ft.
30 x 106 psi x 3.62 in2
40 Downhole Hydraulics
Piston Effect
After the packer is set and pressure is applied
(pumping), the following stress will act on the
A
string:
41 Downhole Hydraulics Ap
Piston Effect
F Pi x (Ai Ap) Po (Ao Ap) Psup x Ai
Where:
42 Downhole Hydraulics
Ballooning / Reverse Ballooning
Pressure inside the tubing tends to balloon it.
As it happens, it shortens the tubing.
Pressure in the annulus contracts the diameter
of the tubing. As it happens, it elongates the
tubing.
P1
P1
P2
P2
P2
P1
Ballooning Reverse
Ballooning
P1 > P 2 P1 < P 2
P1 = P 2
43 Downhole Hydraulics
Ballooning / Reverse Ballooning
Ballooning Stretch:
2L Pia R 2 Poa
L 8
10 R 2
1
Ballooning Force:
F 0.6 x Pia x Ai Poa x Ao
Where:
Pia = change in average tubing pressure
Poa = change in average annulus pressure
R = ratio of tubing OD to ID
44 Downhole Hydraulics