Asexual

Reproduction
-is the simplest form of reproduction in
plants

-produces new individuals without the

fusion of gametes, genetically identical to
the parent plants , except
when mutations occur

- may happen through;

- vegetative propagation
- budding
- fission
- fragmentation
- spore formation
 Bryophyllum pinnatum

Vegetative
Propagation
- is any form of asexual reproduction
occurring in plants in which a new plant
grows from a fragment of the parent plant
or grows from a specialized reproductive
structure

Such as; -roots

-stems
-basal
shoots
-shoots
-tubers
-rhizomes
Bryophyllum daigremontianum

-produces plantlets along the margins of its leaves. When they are
mature enough, they drop off and root in any suitable soil beneath.
Muscari
-A bulb of Muscari has reproduced
vegetatively underground to make
two bulbs, each of which produces
a flower stem.
Argentina anserina
Common Silverweed showing red
-

stolons.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Budding
Budding
-a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular
site.
-the daughter cell(or organism)is smaller than the parent cell(or organism)a.

-new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only
when it is mature, leaving behind scar tissue

-the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically

identical to the parent organism.
Binary Fission
-is the division of a single entity into two
or more parts and the regeneration of
those parts into separate entities
resembling the original.

-the organisms produce are identical in size

and also genetically the same.

Binary fission of algae

Fragmentation
-is a very common type of vegetative reproduction in plants. Many trees, shrubs,
nonwoody perennials, and ferns form clonal colonies by producing new rooted shoots by rhizomes
or stolons, which increases the diameter of the colony. If a rooted shoot becomes detached from the
colony, then fragmentation has occurred
 References:

1. Fritz, Robert E.; Simms, Ellen Louise (1992). Plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens: ecology, evolution, and
genetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 359. ISBN978-0-226-26554-4.
2. http://www.lifescientist.com.au/article/29781/why_apomixis_genetic_gold
3.Introduction To Plant Science. Delmar Thomson Learning. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-4018-4188-1.
4. Rooting cuttings of tropical trees. London: Commonwealth Science Council. 1993. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-85092-394-0.
5.Reiley, H. Edward; Shry, Carroll L. (2004). Introductory horticulture. Albany, NY: Delmar/Thomson Learning.
p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7668-1567-4.
6. Orchidaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org
7. Asteraceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org
8.Lovett Doust, Jon, and Lesley Lovett Doust. 1988. Plant reproductive ecology: patterns and strategies. New York:
Oxford University Press. P 290.
9 James Desmond Smyth, Derek Wakelin (1994). Introduction to animal parasitology (3 ed.). Cambridge
University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 0-521-42811-4.
10. Oldroyd, B.P. (2000). "Colony relatedness in aggregations of Apis dorsata Fabricius (Hymenoptera,
Apidae)". Insectes Sociaux. 47 (47): 94–95. doi:10.1007/s000400050015
Sexual Plant Reproduction
 Angiosperms (flowering plants)
• Plants that protect their seeds within the body of a fruit.
• Make up ¾’s of all plants, including:
– Trees, shrubs, herbs,
grasses, water plants…
Structure of a Flower
1. Pistil
2. Stigma
3. Style
4. Ovary
5. Stamen
6. Filament
7. Anther
8. Petal
9. Sepal
10. Receptacle
11. Stem
Male Reproductive Structure

The stamen consists of two parts:

Anther and Filament
The anther is where meiosis occurs to
produce haploid pollen
The filament is a stalk that supports
the anther
Female Reproductive Structure

The pistil consists of the stigma, style

and ovary
The sticky stigma receives the pollen
from the anther
The pollen grows a tube down throug
h the style
Meiosis occurs in the ovary to
produce haploid ovules
 Reproductive Structures
• Petals: colourful Sepals: surround and protect the flower
structures that attract pollinators. bud
Pollination

Wind, insects or other animals transfer

pollen from the anther of one flower to the
stigma of another
Flowers vary depending on pollination
mechanism
Pollination Vectors
Wind Pollination: Dull scentless flowers with
reduced petals
Bees/Butterfly Pollination: Bright
color, nectaries, scent.
They sip nectar, get pollen on coats,
transfer pollen from flower to flower
Bird Pollination: Nectaries, bright
colors, tube-like flowers
Moth Pollination: White petals,
open at night
Fly Pollination:Rank odor, flesh
colored petals
Ovary
Each ovule within an ovary has a micropyle (an opening for the
pollen tube).
The ovules’ megasporangium undergo meiosis to produce four
haploid cells (3 die leaving 1 megaspore)
The megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times to produce 8 haploid
cells within the embryo sac.
 Fertilization

After pollen lands on the stigma, a pollen tube grows down

through the style to ovary
Generative cell creates the two sperm nuclei
Double fertilization occurs:
one sperm fertilizes the egg
 one sperm the two polar nuclei together
Result of Double Fertilization

The sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join to form a 2n

(diploid) embryo

The other sperm nucleus and the two polar nuclei join to
form a 3n (triploid) endosperm. The endosperm is the food
supply for the embryo.
Seed and Fruit Development

 After fertilization,
the petals and
sepals fall off
flower
 Ovary “ripens”
into a fruit
 The ovule
develops into a
seed
Seed Dispersal Mechanisms-
Allow plants to colonize new areas and
avoid shade of parent plant

Wind Dispersal - Flight mechanisms,

like parachutes, wings, etc.
Ex. Dandelion, maples, birch

Animal Dispersal - Fleshy fruits which

animals eat, drop undigested seeds in
feces or burrs which stick to
animals’ coats
Gravity Dispersal -
Heavy nuts fall to
ground and roll
ex. acorns

Water Dispersal - Plants

near water create floating
fruits
ex. coconuts