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Vehicle dynamics
Vehicle Dynamics
- It’s a branch of mechanics that studies
• The responses of a vehicle in various in-motion situations
• Forces [N]
• Torques [Nm]
• Their effect on motion.
Motion
- It’s a change in position of an object with respect to time and its
reference point
- Motion is typically described in terms of:
• Velocity [m/s]
• Acceleration [m/s2]
• Displacement [m] 1
• Time [s]
Tire and rim fundamentals
Pneumatic tires are the only means to transfer forces between the
road and the vehicle
Vehicle Dynamics
Tireprint width
hT
Pan width
wT
hT Section heigth 2
wT Section width when the tire is not loaded
Tire and rim fundamentals
Informations printed on a tire sidewall
SNOW
Vehicle Dynamics
1 Size number
2 Maximum allowed inflation pressure
3 Type of tire construction
4 M&S denotes a tire for mud and snow.
5 E-Mark is the Europe type approval mark and
number
6 US Department of Transport (DOT)
identification numbers
7 Country of manufacture
8 Manufacturers, brand name, or commercial
name
MUD
3
Tire and rim fundamentals
Tire size number
Example
Vehicle Dynamics
P 215 / 60 R 15 96 H
Tire type
Tire width Aspect ratio
P Passenger car
ST for Special Trailer, T for Temporary, and LT for Light Truck
Vehicle Dynamics
P 215 / 60 R 15 96 H
Speed rate
Load index
Rim diameter
Tire construction
type
R Radial construction. It may also be B for Bias Belt or Bias Ply, and D for Diagonal.
Vehicle Dynamics
6
Tire and rim fundamentals
Tire size number
Example
Vehicle Dynamics
P 215 / 60 R 15 96 H
Tire type Speed rate
Tire width Aspect ratio Load index
Rim diameter
Tire construction
type
H Speed rate
7
Tire and rim fundamentals
Example 1
Vehicle Dynamics
Load index: ?
Load index: 84
8
Tire and rim fundamentals
Example 2
Vehicle Dynamics
A tire has the size number P 215/60R15 96H
P 215 / 60 R 15 96 H
Tire type Speed rate
Tire width Aspect ratio sT Load index
wT Rim diameter
Tire construction
type
𝒉𝑻 sT = 60 wT =215
sT = 100
𝒘𝑻 wT
9
𝟔𝟎
hT = 215 = 129 mm
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Tire and rim fundamentals
Example 3
Practical Rule
Vehicle Dynamics
• If Aspect ratio sT >= 50 Rim width = 70% of wT
P 255/50R16
Rim width
Rim width ?
wT
P 255/45R16
Rim width ? 10
Vehicle Dynamics
hT
Overall diameter of the tire ?
Rim diameter
D
hT = 235 × 75% = 176.25 mm ≈ 6.94 in
(1 inch = 25.4 mm)
R = D/2 = 366.9 mm hT
11
Tire and rim fundamentals
Example 4
Vehicle Dynamics
• Softer ride
A higher aspect ratio
• Increase in deflection
• Lower aspect ratio tires are normally used for higher performance vehicles
(wider road contact area and a faster response), but rougher ride to the
vehicle.
12
Tire and rim fundamentals
Tire components
Inner layers
Vehicle Dynamics
Carcass
Bead bundle
Vehicle Dynamics
Sidewall
Belt buffers
Vehicle Dynamics
Radial tire Non-radial tire
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Tire and rim fundamentals
Lateral forces
Vehicle Dynamics
lateral force lateral force
• The radial tire flexes mostly in the sidewall and keeps the tread flat on the
road.
• The non-radial tire has less contact with the road because both tread and
sidewalls distort under a lateral force. 16
Tire and rim fundamentals
Tread
Lugs
Vehicle Dynamics
Voids
Vehicle Dynamics
• Under-inflated tire: more of the vehicle weight will be supported
by the tire and not by the air pressure. More friction and more heat
Vehicle Dynamics
Tread w
Offset:
hT the distance between the inner plane
and the center plane of the rim.
Offset
• Positive offset if the spider is
Rim D
Inside Outside outward from the center plane.
Spider
Hub
Rim w
19
Tire and rim fundamentals
Rim material
Vehicle Dynamics
• Steel
• Composite
• Alluminium
• Magnesium
• Titanium
• Magnesium : 30% lighter than aluminum, excellent for size stability and impact
resistance, but it’s expensive.
20
• Titanium: much stronger than aluminum with excellent corrosion resistance,
expensive and hard to machine.
Tire and rim fundamentals
Exercises
Vehicle Dynamics
1) A model of Porsche 911 turboT M uses the following tires.
front 235/35R19
rear 305/30R19
- Determine hT, and D for the front and rear tires.
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Tire and rim fundamentals
Exercises
Vehicle Dynamics
3) A model of Mercedes-Benz SLR 722 EditionT M uses the following
tires.
front 255/35R19
rear 295/30R19
- What is the speed of this car if its rear tires are turning at ω = 2000 rpm?