Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Attention
• Memory
• Perception and recognition
• Learning
• Reading, speaking and listening
• Problem solving, planning, reasoning, decision-making
Attention
Attention is the process of selecting things to concentrate
on, at a point in time, from the range
of possibilities available
Attention allow us to focus on information that is relevant
to what we are doing.
Attention involves
1) auditory senses
2) visual senses
Examples of auditory senses & visual
senses
an example of auditory attention
is waiting in the dentist's waiting room for our name to
be called out to know when it is our time to go in.
Auditory attention is based on pitch, timber and intensity.
Voluntary Attention:
A further property of attention is that can be voluntary, as when we
make a conscious effort to change our attention.
Involuntary Attention:
Attention may also be involuntary, as when the salient characteristics
of the competing stimuli grab our attention
An example of over-use of graphics
How to make attention of users
Using the first measure, the average person can remember 7 ± 2 digits
eg: Look at the following number sequence: 265397620853
Now write down as much of the sequence as you can remember. If you
remembered between five and nine digits your digit span is average.
1. Episodic Memory
Represents our memory of events and experiences in a serial form. It is
the memory that we can recall that took place at the given points in
our lives
2. Semantic Memory
It is a structured record of facts, concepts and skills that we acquired.
It stores the things that we learn from our experiences.
Semantic LTM derived from episodic LTM such that we can learn new
facts or concepts from our experiences.
LT Memory Structure
Semantic memory structure
provides access to information
represents relationships between bits of information
supports inference(deriving logical conclusions from premises known)
recognition
information gives knowledge that it has been seen
before
less complex than recall - information is cue
LT Memory (Forgetting)
decay
information is lost gradually but very slowly
interference
new information replaces old: retroactive
interference
old may interfere with new: proactive inhibition
Learning
Learning can be consider in two terms:
1. Procedural (skills or actions u r capable of performing)
o According to procedural learning we come to any object with questions like
how to use it? How to do something?
o For example, how to ride a bike?
2. Declarative(knowledge of facts or concepts)
o In this learning we study about facts. We try to find facts about something.it
explains what do u know?
o For example, how to explain in words to ride a bike? It is difficult to explain so
u use words to show your knowledge
Reading, speaking and listening
If once we saw the bunches of red roses, we can infer that all roses are red.
We can disprove the inference simply by producing the roses in different colors
because, no matter how many roses we have seen red and how many roses we
have seen with different colors. The best that we can do is gather evidence to
support our inductive inference