Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Circulation and
Gas Exchange
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Trading Places
The arrows indicate the circulation of fluids possible thanks to ciliated cells
present in the cavity
Circular
canal
Mouth
Pharynx
2 mm
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
Pores
Dorsal vessel
(main heart)
Systemic capillaries
Double Circulation
In alligators, caimans,
Lung and and
skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries
other crocodilians a septum
divides the ventricle
Pulmocutaneous Right
Pulmonary Pulmonary
circuit systemic
Reptiles have double aorta
circuit circuit
circulation, with a
Atrium (A)
pulmonary circuit (lungs) Atrium (A) A A A A
Capillaries Aorta
9 Capillaries
of right lung
of left lung
3 2 3
4
11
Pulmonary Pulmonary
vein 5 vein
1
Right atrium 10 Left atrium
Right ventricle Left ventricle
Inferior Aorta
vena cava
Capillaries of
8 abdominal organs
and hind limbs
The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Right atrium
Atrioventricular valve
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
0.1 sec
Semilunar
AV valves
valves 0.4 sec 0.3 sec open
open
1 Atrial and
ventricular
diastole
AV valves
closed
3 Ventricular systole;
atrial diastole
• The heart rate, also called the pulse, is the
number of beats per minute
• The stroke volume is the amount of blood
pumped in a single contraction
• The cardiac output is the volume of blood
pumped into the systemic circulation per
minute and depends on both the heart rate and
stroke volume
SA node AV
(pacemaker) node
Bundle Purkinje
branches Heart fibers
apex
ECG
The ECG can be used to diagnose
abnormal heart rates,
arrhythmias, and damage of
heart muscle
Concept 42.3: Patterns of blood pressure and flow
reflect the structure and arrangement of blood
vessels
• The physical principles that govern movement
of water in plumbing systems also influence the
functioning of animal circulatory systems
SEM
100 µm Valve
Basal lamina
Endothelium Endothelium
Smooth Smooth
muscle muscle
Connective Capillary Connective
tissue tissue
Artery Vein
Arteriole Venule
15 µm
Red blood cell
Capillary
LM
Capillary Function
Capillaries
Arteriole Venule
Arteriole Venule
Body tissue
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
Capillary
Net fluid
movement out
Net fluid
movement in
Direction of
blood flow
Blood pressure
Pressure
Inward flow
Outward flow
Osmotic pressure
Plasma 55%
Plasma proteins
Albumin Osmotic balance
pH buffering
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Fibrinogen Clotting
Immunoglobulins Defense Eosinophil
(antibodies)
Neutrophil Monocyte
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism Platelets 250,000– Blood clotting
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) 400,000
Hormones
ERYTHROCYTES
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
5 µm
Atherosclerosis
Connective Smooth
tissue muscle Endothelium Plaque
Gills
(b) Crayfish
Fig. 42-21c
Coelom
Gills
Tube foot
Fluid flow
through
Oxygen-poor blood
Anatomy of gills gill filament
Oxygen-rich blood
Gill
arch Lamella
Gill
Gill filament
arch
organization
Blood
vessels
Water
flow Operculum
Water flow
between
lamellae Blood flow through
capillaries in lamella
Countercurrent exchange
Air sacs
Tracheae
External
opening
Tracheoles Mitochondria Muscle fiber
Body
cell
Air
Tracheole
sac
Trachea
Branch of Branch of
pulmonary pulmonary
vein artery
(oxygen-rich (oxygen-poor
blood) blood)
Terminal
bronchiole
Nasal
Pharynx
cavity
Larynx
Alveoli
(Esophagus) Left
lung
Trachea
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Heart SEM Colorized
50 µm 50 µm
SEM
Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
Trachea and bronchi
block shaped)
Bronchioles
– During exercise, they relax to allow a greater flow of air to the alveoli
TRACHEA
BRONCHUS
Airway Number Approximate Cartilage Goblet Smooth Cilia Site of
diameter cells muscle gas
exchange
Trachea 1 1.8 cm Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Bronchus 2 1.2 cm Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Terminal 48000 1.0 mm No No Yes Yes No
bronchiole
Respiratory 300000 0.5 mm No No No Yes No
bronchiole
Alveolar duct 9 x 106 400 µm No No No No Yes
Alveoli 3 x 109 250 µm No No No No Yes
Table : the structure of the airways from the trachea to the alveoli
Concept 42.6: Breathing ventilates the lungs
Rib cage
Rib cage gets
expands as
Air smaller as Air
rib muscles inhaled exhaled
rib muscles
contract
relax
Lung
Diaphragm
INHALATION EXHALATION
Diaphragm contracts Diaphragm relaxes
(moves down) (moves up)
• Birds have eight or nine air sacs that function
as bellows that keep air flowing through the
lungs
• Air passes through the lungs in one direction
only
• Every exhalation completely renews the air in
the lungs
Air Air
Anterior
air sacs
Trachea
Posterior
air sacs Lungs Lungs
Air tubes
(parabronchi) 1 mm
in lung
INHALATION EXHALATION
Air sacs fill Air sacs empty; lungs fill
Control of Breathing in Humans
Cerebrospinal
fluid
Pons
Breathing
control Medulla
centers oblongata
Carotid
arteries
Aorta
Diaphragm
Rib muscles
Concept 42.7: Adaptations for gas exchange
include pigments that bind and transport gases
• The metabolic demands of many organisms
require that the blood transport large quantities
of O2 and CO2
Circulatory Circulatory
system system
PO2 ≤ 40 mm Hg PCO2 ≥ 46 mm Hg
Body tissue Body tissue
heme
α- chain
100
Hemoglobin
60
retains less
O2 at lower pH
40 (higher CO2
concentration)
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
PO2 (mm Hg)
(b) pH and hemoglobin dissociation
Carbon Dioxide Transport
The End