Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: The Body’s Long-Distance Regulators
Blood
vessel Response
Response
Response
Neuron
Response
Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
vessel Response
Blood
vessel Response
Response
Response
Neuron
Response
Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
Response
vessel
Water-soluble Lipid-soluble
0.8 nm
Polypeptide: Steroid:
Insulin Cortisol
Amine: Amine:
Epinephrine Thyroxine
Hormone Receptor Location: Scientific Inquiry
RESULTS
Melanosomes
Nucleus disperse
Water- Fat-soluble
soluble hormone
hormone
Transport
protein
Signal receptor
TARGET
CELL Signal
receptor
Water- Fat-soluble
soluble hormone
hormone
Transport
protein
Signal receptor
TARGET OR
CELL Signal
receptor
Cytoplasmic
response Gene
regulation
Cytoplasmic
response Gene
regulation
Epinephrine
Adenylyl
G protein cyclase
G protein-coupled GTP
receptor
ATP
cAMP Second
messenger
Fig. 45-6-2
Epinephrine
Adenylyl
G protein cyclase
G protein-coupled GTP
receptor
ATP
cAMP Second
messenger
Inhibition of Protein
glycogen synthesis kinase A
Promotion of
glycogen breakdown
Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones
Hormone
(estradiol)
Estradiol
(estrogen)
receptor Plasma
membrane
Hormone-receptor
complex
Fig. 45-7-2
Hormone
(estradiol)
Estradiol
(estrogen)
receptor Plasma
membrane
Hormone-receptor
complex
DNA
Vitellogenin
mRNA
for vitellogenin
Multiple Effects of Hormones
Epinephrine Epinephrine
receptor receptor
Glycogen
deposits
Vessel
Glycogen dilates.
breaks down
and glucose
is released.
Glycogen
deposits
Vessel Vessel
Glycogen dilates.
breaks down constricts.
and glucose
is released.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 45-9a
(a)
Fig. 45-9b
(b)
Signaling by Local Regulators
Liver
Adrenal
glands Stomach
S cells of duodenum
secrete secretin ( )
Endocrine
cell
Blood
vessel
Target Pancreas
cells
Insulin
Beta cells of
pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
rises.
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
Fig. 45-12-2
Body cells
take up more Insulin
glucose.
Beta cells of
pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it
as glycogen.
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
Blood glucose rises.
level declines.
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
Fig. 45-12-3
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
falls.
Glucagon
Fig. 45-12-4
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose
level rises. Blood glucose level
falls.
Liver breaks
down glycogen
and releases
glucose. Glucagon
Fig. 45-12-5
Body cells
take up more Insulin
glucose.
Beta cells of
pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it
as glycogen.
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
Blood glucose rises.
level declines.
Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose
Blood glucose level
level rises.
falls.
Liver breaks
down glycogen
and releases
glucose.
Glucagon
Target Tissues for Insulin and Glucagon
Neurosecretory cells
Corpus cardiacum
PTTH
Corpus allatum
Prothoracic
gland
Ecdysone Juvenile
hormone
(JH)
EARLY
LARVA
Fig. 45-13-2
Brain
Neurosecretory cells
Corpus cardiacum
PTTH
Corpus allatum
Prothoracic
gland
Ecdysone Juvenile
hormone
(JH)
EARLY LATER
LARVA LARVA
Fig. 45-13-3
Brain
Neurosecretory cells
Corpus cardiacum
PTTH
Corpus allatum
Low
Prothoracic JH
gland
Ecdysone Juvenile
hormone
(JH)
EARLY LATER
LARVA LARVA PUPA ADULT
Coordination of Endocrine and Nervous Systems
in Vertebrates
• The hypothalamus receives information from
the nervous system and initiates responses
through the endocrine system
• Attached to the hypothalamus is the pituitary
gland composed of the posterior pituitary and
anterior pituitary
Cerebrum
Pineal Thalamus
gland
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum Pituitary
gland
Spinal cord
Hypothalamus
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
Table 45-1
Table 45-1a
Table 45-1b
Table 45-1c
Table 45-1d
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Neurosecretory
cells of the Axon
hypothalamus
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
Stimulus Suckling
+
Sensory
neuron
Hypothalamus/
posterior pituitary
Positive feedback
Neurosecretory
cell
Posterior pituitary
Blood secretes oxytocin ( )
vessel
Stimulus Cold
Sensory
neuron
Hypothalamus secretes
thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH )
Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
vessel
Fig. 45-18-2
Pathway Example
+ Stimulus Cold
Sensory
neuron
Hypothalamus secretes
thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH )
Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
vessel
Stimulus Cold
Sensory
neuron
–
Hypothalamus secretes
thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH )
Neurosecretory
cell
Blood
vessel
–
Anterior pituitary secretes
thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH
Negative feedback
or thyrotropin )
Increased cellular
Response
metabolism
Tropic Hormones
PTH
Parathyroid gland
(behind thyroid)
STIMULUS:
Falling blood
Ca2+ level
Homeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
Fig. 45-20-2
Active
vitamin D Stimulates Ca2+
Increases uptake in kidneys
Ca2+ uptake
in intestines
PTH
STIMULUS:
Blood Ca2+ Falling blood
level rises. Ca2+ level
Homeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
• PTH increases the level of blood Ca2+
– It releases Ca2+ from bone and stimulates
reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys
– It also has an indirect effect, stimulating the
kidneys to activate vitamin D, which promotes
intestinal uptake of Ca2+ from food
Stress
Nerve
signals Hypothalamus
Spinal cord Releasing
hormone
Nerve
cell
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
ACTH
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
Stress
Nerve
signals Hypothalamus
Spinal cord Releasing
hormone
Nerve
cell
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
ACTH
Adrenal
medulla
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
Fig. 45-21b
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
Effects of Effects of
mineralocorticoids: glucocorticoids:
RESULTS
Appearance of Genitals
–
Stimulus Low blood glucose
Pancreas secretes
glucagon ( )
Endocrine
cell
Blood
vessel
Target
Liver
cells
Glycogen breakdown,
Response glucose release
into blood
Fig. 45-UN3
No drug
Cortisol level
in blood
Dexamethasone
Normal Patient X
Fig. 45-UN4
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