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 The mathematical expression of uncertainty.

 The term probability is used to denote the


relative likelihood of a certain event
occurring, compared with the relative
likelihood of all other probabilities.

 P(A)= number of times event A occurred


total number of possible outcome
 P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

 Determine the probability of picking an ace or


a heart in one draw from a deck of ordinary
playing cards.
 P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
 P(ace or a heart)=P(ace) + P(heart) – P(ace and heart)
P(ace or a heart)= 4 + 13 - 1
52 52 52

P(ace or a heart)= 16 = 4 or 0.3077= 30.77%


52 13
 Two events are mutually exclusive if they
both cannot occur together.
 What is the probability of randomly picking a
7 or a 4 in one draw from a deck of ordinary
playing cards?
P(A or B)= P(A)+ P(B) - P(A and B)
P(7 or 4)= P(7)+ P(4) - 0
P(7 or 4)= 4 + 4
52 52

P(7 or 4)= 8 =0.1538


52
or 15.38%
 In the population there are 50 children under
11 years old, 60 teenagers, and 40 adults.
What is the probability that the individual
selected be a teenager or an adult?
 P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
 P(a teenager or an adult)= P(a teenager) + P(an adult)
60 + 40
150 150
P(a teenager or an adult)= 100 =0.6666
150
P(a teenager or an adult)= 66.67%
 P(A and B)= P(A) P(B)
 Suppose we will draw 2 cards one at a time
with replacement from a deck of ordinary
playing cards. What is the probability both
cards will be aces?
 P(an ace on 1st draw and
nd
= P(an ace) P(an ace)
an ace on 2 draw)
 P(an ace on 1st draw and
= 4 4
nd
an ace on 2 draw) 52 52
 P(an ace on 1st draw and
nd = 16 =0.0059
an ace on 2 draw) 2704
 If two coins are flipped once, what is the
probability both coins will turn up heads?

 P(H1 and H2) = 1 1


2 2
 P(H1 and H2) = 1
4
 P(H1 and H2) =0.25 or 25%
 A bag of fruits contain 4 atis, 6 mangoes and 5
guavas. If you draw 2 fruits one at a time, with
replacement, what is the probability you will get a
mango and an atis in that order? without
replacement?

 P(mango = 6 4 P = 6 4
and atis)
15 15 (mango and atis)
15 14
 P(mango and atis) =
24  P(mango and atis) 24 10.91%
225 220
 P(mango and atis) =0.1067 or 10.67%

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