Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Factors
Bushong Ch 15
1
PRIME
FACTORS
What is “technique” ?
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PRIME FACTORS
• KVP
• MAS
• DISTANCE
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kVp
• Short scale
• High contrast
• “Bone work”
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kVp
• High kVp (90 – 120)
• Long scale
• Low contrast
• “Chest images”
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mA
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Exposure Time
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Distance
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INTENSITY IS SPREAD OUT…
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Inverse Square Law Formula
Intensity #1 Distance #2 -
Squared
Distance #1 -
Intensity #2 Squared
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Direct Square Law
• New mAs = New distance 2
Old mAs Old distance 2
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Focal-Spot Changes
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Tube voltage (kVp)
• Determines the maximum energy
in the beam
• spectrum and affects the quality
of the output spectrum
• Efficiency of x-ray production is
directly related to tube voltage
15
Influencing factors: kVp
15% rule:
15% kVp = doubling of exposure to the film
15% kVp = halving of exposure to the film
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4% kVp Changes
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Radiographic Technique
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Technique
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Pathology
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Technique selection – Fixed kVp
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Image Quality
Bushong Ch. 16
Objectives
• Image Quality – Factors
• Geometric Factors
• Subject Factors
• Artifacts
Image Quality
• Is the exactness of the representation of
the patient’s anatomy
LINE PAIRS/ MM
Depicts how well you
can see the differences
in structures
More lines=more detail
Measuring Resolution for an x-ray
imaging system
SMPTE Test Pattern
• In 1985 the Society of Motion Picture and
Television Engineers (SMPTE) published
a recommended practice (RP-122).
Characteristic curve
of radiographic film
The latitude of an image receptor is the exposure
range over which it responds with diagnostically
useful OD.
• Depending on the
manufacturing
characteristics
radiographic film will
respond differently to
radiation exposure
F/S vs Digital
Dynamic Range
Unexposed film
• Appears like a frosted glass window
• ODs of unexposed film are due to base
density and fog density
• Development time
• Development temperature
Image Quality in Digital
Matrix size is determined by . . .
• Receptor size (Field of View: FOV)
• Pixel size
• CR - Sampling frequency
• DR - DEL size
Spatial Resolution determined by:
Pixel size.
• CR- sampling frequency
• DR – DEL size
• There are relationships between
• Pixel size
• Receptor size
• Matrix size
• pixel size = larger matrix
• receptor size = larger matrix
• Spatial resolution is not related the amount of exposure
Sampling Frequency
SID
• MF = SOD
Finding SOD
• SID – OID = SOD
• SID = 100 cm
• OID = 7 cm
• SID = 72 inches
• OID = 8 inches (estimated)
• Object thickness
• Object position
• Object shape
Object Thickness