RELIABILITY OF POWER

ELECTRIC SYSTEMS

Power Electrical Engineering

Semester : October 2017 – March 2017
Lecturer : Edwin Lema G. Ing. MSc.

1
Contents:

1. Background & General concepts.

2. Probability Overhauling.
3. Reliability assessment of basic systems..
4. Reliability Assessment Methods.
5. Reliability Assessment by state spaces method.
6. Reliability Assessment of generation systems.
7. Load Indexes and generation Capacity expansion.
8. Operating Capacity assessment of generation systems .

2
Contents:

9. Assessment of generation-transmission composite systems

10. Indexes per load pouint.
11. Reliability analisis of Distribution Systems.
12. Consumer oriented indexes & Load-Energy oriented
idexes.
13. Reliability benefits index.

3
LITERATURE:
• [1] Billinton, R.; Ringlee, R.J. y Wood, A.J., Power System Reliability
Calculations, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA, 1973.

• [2]IEEE, Tutorial Course on Power System Reliability Evaluation, IEEE Press,

USA, 1982.

• [3] Billinton, R.; Allan, R.N. y Salvaderi, L. (Editores), Applied Reliability

Assessment in Electric Power Systems, IEEE Press, USA 1991.

• [4] Billinton, R. y Allan, R.N., Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems, 2da

Edición, Plenum Press, N. York, 1996.

• [5] Wood, A.J. y Wollenberg, B.F., Power Generation Operation & Control, John
Wiley & Sons, N. York, 1984.

• [6] ANSI/IEEE Std. 762-1987, IEEE Standard Definitions for Use in Reporting
Electric Generating Unit Reliability, Availability, and Productivity, IEEE Press,
N. York, 1987.

• [7] IEEE Std. 493 – 1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for the DESIGN OF
RELIABLE INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS (Gold Book),
IEEE Press, 1991.
• [8] Mena Panchano Alfredo, Confiabilidad de Sistemas de Potencia, EPN Quito
1983

4
Evaluation:
Four Achievements 10/10
• 1.- Quizz #1: Methods of evaluating reliability: 07.11.17 40%
• Class activities (speaking) 40%
• Control Questions 20%
• 2.- Workgrop#1: Evaluation of the Operative Capacity of the Generation
systems. 28.11.17 40%
• Class activities (speaking) 40%
• Control Questions 20%
• 3.- Quiz #2: Consumer oriented indices, indexes oriented to the load and
energy 02.01.18 40%
• Class activities (speaking) 40%
• Control Questions 20%
• 4.- Workgrop #2: Final Achievement (one week before the final exam)
23.01.18 40%
• Class activities (speaking) 40%
• Control Questions 20%

5
RELIABILITY OF PES

Chapter 1: Background

Power Electrical Engineering

Cotopaxi Technical University
Semester: October 2017-March 2017
Lecturer: Edwin Lema G, MSc.

17 October 2017
Latacunga-Ecuador

6
Background:

PEOPLE
NAME LOCATION DATE CAUSE AFECTED DURATION
(Millons)
Northeast blackout USA 1965 United States 9 Nobember 1965 Power Protection system fault. 30 14 h
13 to 14 of
New York Blackout Usa 1977 United States july 1977 Electric storm transformer failure 10 25 h
San Pablo, Río de
Janeiro, Minas
Gerais and Brasili Damage of three transmission lines , coming
Brazilian Blackout 2002 a, Brazil 22 January 2002 from Itaipu. 100 1h
Northeast USA and Canada Blackout United States
2003 and Canadá 14 August 2003 Lack of electricity investment from USA 50 2h
28
Blackout of Italy 2003 Italy September 2003 Falling of tree in a transmisssion line in Suiza 56 3h
27 Seeptember
Brazilian Blackout 2004 Brazil 2004 Subtation Falling in the Sergipe state. 47 1h
Indonesian Blackout 2005 Indonesia 18 August 2005 Fault in L/T Cilegon-Saguling. 100 5h
Colombian Blackout 2007 Colombia 26 April 2007 Fault in the breaker ( no open) 25 3h
1h-18d
Chilean blackout of February 2010 Chile 27 February 2010 Huge earthquake. 13 (location)
Fault of the Charrúa S/E, damage in the
Chile Blackout 2010 Chile 14 March 2010 second transformator. 12,5 1h-6h
24 September Fault in the central interconected system,
Chile Blackout 2011 Chile 2011 Fault in the distance recuperation system. 10 1h-5h
Demand overage the generation because of 7
India Blackout 2012 India 31 July 2012 intense summmer. 670 2d
 Background:
LOCATION DATE CAUSE AFFECTIONS DURATION

Ecuador November 9, 2009 Rationing, Lack of investment All country ͌~2

͌ Months

Pichincha,
Tungurahua,
Chimborazo,
Cotopaxi, Guayas,
Transformer fire (EEQ), Pastaza, Santo
Ecuador October 20, 2016 Failure of SPS L/T Sta Rosa-Sto Domingo de los ͌~1,5h
͌
Domingo Tsáchilas, Azuay,
Imbabura, Tulcán
y Bolívar

8
Background:
QUALITY ASPECTS

• Frequency: GENCO
• Voltage: GENCO TRASCO & DISCO.
• Harmonics: DISCO
• Reliability: GENCO, TRSACO & DISCO.

9
LAW RECOGNIZES: (Art. 59.- LEY DE REGIMEN DEL SECTOR ELECTRICO)

The right of the final user to take legal

actions to claim damages as result of a
deficient electric power service.

10
 THE ASPECTS OF QUALITY OF ENERGY
MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE PLANNING
AND OPERATION OF THE PES AND THEIR
INVESTMENT RELATIONS, THEIR
PROFITABILITY AND THE ENERGY SALE
PRICES.

11
Reliability:
• The elements of an PES are exposed to failures that
affect the continuity of the service.
• It is not possible to have a 100% reliable PES. The
faults occurs randomly.
• The probability of occurrence can be reduced through
investments in planning and operation.
• Excessive Investments: Increases operating cost.
• Low Investment: deteriorates service.
• The problem is technical and economic.
• Probabilistic techniques are used.

12
DEFINITION OF RELIABILITY: [IEEE Std. Dictionary]

It is the probability that an equipment or system will

perform its intended function, without failures for a
specified period of time.

Reliability relates to the system's ability to perform its

function.
ADECUACY: Sufficient equipment to satisfy
the demand. It is associated with static
conditions
RELIABILITY
SECURITY: Ability of the system to respond
to disturbances.
13
 SUITABLE INADEQUATE

NORMAL ALERT EMERGENCY

STATE NORMAL : The requirements are satisfied.

STATE ALERT: Some requirements are violated.
STATE EMERGENCY: Many or all of the requirements are violated.

14
FUNCTIONAL AREAS AND HIERARCHICAL LEVELS:

GENERATION
1

TRANSMISSION
2

DISTRIBUTION
3

15
 LEVEL 1:
THE GENERATION SYSTEM IS ANALYZED TO DETERMINE HOW
APPROPRIATE IS IT TO SATISFY THE TOTAL DEMAND. (Reliability
Assessment of Generation Capacity).
GIVEN THE DEMAND, THE GENERATION CAPACITY AND THE
SUFFICIENT RESERVE IS ESTIMATED.
HISTORICALLY, RESERVE: % of demand; To supply the output of the
larger unit.
CURRENTLY: LOLP, LOEE, F & D

GENERATION LOAD MODEL

MODEL

RISK MODEL

16
 LEVEL 2 :
• EVALUATION OF THE COMPOUND SYSTEM (Bulk Power)
• ANALYZES THE CURRENT SYSTEM AND POSSIBLE
REINFORCEMENTS.
•INDICATORS ARE USED BY LOAD POINT (DELIVERY) OR
SYSTEM.
•CONDITIONAL PROBABILITIES ARE REQUIRED.
•IT IS COMPLICATED WITH OVERLOAD CONDITIONS,
VOLTAGE LIMITS VIOLATIONS, NETWORK.

LEVEL 3::
• EVALUATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
• INDICATORS ARE USED AT THE CONSUMER LEVEL.
• TECHNIQUES: STATES, F & D.

17
• FAULTS CAN PRODUCE INTERRUPTIONS OF
DIFFERENT MAGNITUDE (Disco vs. Genco).
• PRODUCE ECONOMIC IMPACT :
• Decrease of incomings.
• Direct costs on consumers.
• Indirect costs on consumers, society and the
environment.
• TO AVOID YOU HAVE TO INVEST!!!!$$$
• WHEN, ON WHAT BASIS IS DECIDED, RELIABILITY
MUST BE IMPROVED, KEEPING THE SAME LEVEL OR
PERMITTING DEGRADATION, THERE IS BENEFIT?
18
 1
Increases investment cost DC,
DR increases reliability DR
Reliability

DC

Investment
TOTAL
• Cost for the Electric
Company increases when it
increases reliability.
• User costs (associated with Electrical Consumer
failures) decreases with Company
increased reliability.
• Total cost has a minimum. System Reliability
19