BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 16
The Origin and Evolution
of Microbial Life:
Prokaryotes and Protists
Modules 16.7 – 16.12

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

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PROKARYOTES
16.7 Prokaryotes have inhabited Earth for billions
of years

• Prokaryotes are the

oldest life-forms
– They remain the
most numerous and
widespread
organisms on Earth
today

Figure 16.7

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16.8 Archaea and bacteria are the two main
branches of prokaryotic evolution

• Prokaryotes are cells that lack nuclei and other

membrane-enclosed organelles

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 • Prokaryotes are
classified into
two domains,
based on
nucleotide
sequences and
other features
– Bacteria and
Archaea

Table 16.8

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16.9 Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes

• Spheres (cocci)
are the most
common
• Rods (bacilli)

• Curves or spirals

Figure 16.9A-C

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16.10 Prokaryotes obtain nourishment in a variety
of ways

• These E. Coli colonies are growing with only

glucose as an organic nutrient

Figure 16.10

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 • Autotrophs obtain carbon from CO2 and are
of two types
– Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

• Heterotrophs obtain carbon from organic

compounds
– Photo-
heterotrophs
and
chemo-
heterotrophs

Table 16.10

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 • The first cells were most likely
chemoautotrophs
– They may have gotten their energy from sulfur
and iron compounds

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16.11 Archaea thrive in extreme environments—
and in the ocean

• Archaea live in
– anaerobic swamps
– salt lakes
– acidic hot springs
– deep-sea hydrothermal
vents
– animal digestive
systems
Figure 16.11A, B

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16.12 Diverse structural features help prokaryotes
thrive almost everywhere

• Rotating flagella aid

in locomotion
Flagellum

Plasma
membrane

Cell wall

Rotary movements of
each flagellum
Figure 16.12A
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 • Pili help cells cling to surfaces

Pili

Figure 16.12B

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 • Endospores allow certain bacteria to survive
environmental extremes in a resting stage

Endospore

Figure 16.12C

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 • Many prokaryotes grow in linear filaments

Figure 16.12D

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