Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nature of Decision
Making
-can be classified
according to frequency and
information condition.
Programmed Decision – is a decision that
recurs often enough for a decision rule to
be developed.
Decision Rule – is a statement that tells a decision
maker which alternative to choose based on the
characteristics of the decision situation.
Decision usually are highly structured.
The goal are clear and well known.
Decision making is already established.
The sources and channels of information
are clearly defined.
Nonprogrammed Decision – is a decision that
recurs infrequently and for which there is no
previously established decision.
Problem Solving – is a special form of decision
making in which the issue is unique – it requires
developing and evaluating alternatives without the
aid of decision rule.
Poorly structures because information is
ambiguous .
there's is no clear procedures.
goals are often vague.
Characteristics of Programmed and Nonprogrammed
Characteristics Programmed Decisions Nonprogrammed Decision
Basis for solution Decision rules, set procedures Judgment and creativity
The Decision – Making Process
The Rational Approach – is
a systematic, step
by step process for making decisions ;
• State the situational Goal
• Identify the Problem
• Determining decision type
• Evaluate alternatives
• Choose an alternatives
• Implement the Plan
– Cognitive dissonance
• Control: Measure and Adjust
• State the Situational Goal – rational decision – making
process begins with the statement of situational goal,
or goal for a particular situation.
Information
Identification of problem
Develop adequate criteria
Information
Programmed or
nonprogrammed
decision
Potential for
Nonprogrammed Programmed
Information misdiagnosis
Information
Generate as many alternatives as
possible as time and money
permit
Apply Decision Rule
Information
Evaluate alternatives as
objectively as possible
Start:
Challenging or
negative feedback or
an opportunity
Q. 1
Additional Information Are the risks serious No Unconflicted
about losses from continuing if I don’t change? Adherence
unchanged
Maybe or Yes
Q.2
Information about losses Are the risks serious No Unconflicted
from changing if I do change? Change
End:
Incomplete
Maybe or Yes search appraisal,
and contingency
planning
Q.3
Signs of more information No Defensive
Is it realistic to hope to
available and of other Avoidance
find a better
unused resources
solution?
Maybe or Yes
Q.4
Information about deadline Is there sufficient No
time to search and Hyper vigilance
and time pressure
deliberate? End:
Incomplete
Maybe or Yes search appraisal,
Vigilance and contingency
planning
Janis – Mann Conflict Model of Decision Making
Related Behavioral Aspects of Decision
Making
Time
Leadership
Style
Decision – Making Defects and Decision
Quality
The group is less likely to survey a full range of alternatives
and may focus on only a few (often one or two).
The group may reject expert opinion that run counter to its
own views and may choose to consider only information that
supports its preferred solution.
Group Problem Solving
Brainstorming-is a technique used in the idea
generation phase of decision making that assist
in development of numerous alternative
courses of action.
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