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CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
4 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Pure Bending
David F. Mazurek
Lecture Notes:
Brock E. Barry
U.S. Military Academy
Contents
Pure Bending Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
Other Loading Types Plane of Symmetry
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Residual Stresses
Bending Deformations Concept Application 4.5, 4.6
Strain Due to Bending Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Beam Section Properties Concept Application 4.7
Properties of American Standard Shapes Sample Problem 4.8
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Unsymmetric Bending
Sample Problem 4.2 Concept Application 4.8
Bending of Members Made of Several General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Materials
Concept Application 4.3
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
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Edition
Seventh
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Pure Bending
Pure Bending:
Prismatic members
subjected to equal
and opposite
couples acting in
the same
longitudinal plane
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Seventh
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4-7
Edition
Seventh
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
3
yA 114 10
Y 38 mm
A 3000
121 bh3 A d 2
I x I A d 2
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n 1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT 0.4 in 1.933 0.75 in 0.4 in 2.25 in
nAs 8.06 24 85 in 4.95 in 2
2
Fig. 1 Transformed section to
calculate neutral axis.
• Evaluate the geometric properties of the
transformed section.
x
12 x 4.954 x 0 x 1.450 in
2
I 13 12 in 1.45 in 3 4.95 in 2 2.55 in 2 44.4 in 4
Stress Concentrations
Fig. 4.24 Stress-concentration factors for Fig. 4.25 Stress-concentration factors for
flat bars with fillets under pure bending. flat bars with grooves (notches) under pure
bending.
Stress concentrations may occur:
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied Maximum stress:
• in the vicinity of abrupt changes Mc
m K
in cross section I
Plastic Deformations
• For any member subjected to pure bending
y
x m strain varies linearly across the section
c
• If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
Fig. 4.27 Linear strain distribution
in beam under pure bending. the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
and x
I
Plastic Deformations
• When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.
M p 32 M Y plastic moment
Fig. 4.33 Bending stress
distribution in a beam for: (b) yield Mp
impending, M = My, (c) partially k shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
yielded, M > My, and (d) fully MY
plastic, M = Mp.
Residual Stresses
• Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.
120 10 6 m3 y
Y Y
I
M Y Y 120 10 6 m3 240 MPa
c
yY 40 10 3 m
33.3 m
28.8 kN m Y 1.2 10 3
225 m
Fig. 4.41 Stress distribution for eccentric loading is obtained by superposing the
axial and pure bending distributions.
SOLUTION:
• Determine equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
Unsymmetric Bending
• Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
Unsymmetric Bending
• 0 Fx x dA m dA
y
c
or 0 y dA
• 0 M y z x dA z m dA
• The resultant force and moment y
from the distribution of c
elementary forces in the section or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia
must satisfy couple vector must be directed along
Fx 0 M y M z M applied couple a principal centroidal axis
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
• Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
Fig. 4.49 Unsymmetric bending, with M z M cos M y M sin
bending moment not in a plane of
symmetry.
• Superpose the component stress distributions
Mzy Myy
x
Iz Iy
2
M yz
800 lb in 0.75 in 609.5 psi
Iy 0.9844 in 4
72.4o