2007 Lecture1 Introduction

Thermodynamics
Today: Introduction to Separations
Lecture 2: Review of equilibrium thermodynamics (not covered in class).
Lecture 3: Thermodynamics of Separations
Instructor: Prof. Ir. Dr. Abdul Wahab Mohammad
drawm67@google.com, wahabm@vlsi.eng.ukm.my
Book:
Separation Process Principles
Seader and Henley
WAKTU KELAS
Isnin (BS4) 12.00 – 1.00
Jumaat (BK11) 9.00 – 11.00
Lecture 1: Introduction to Separations 1
Minggu Tajuk
Week Topic
1 Pengenalan kepada proses-proses pemisahan, mekanisma pemisahan dan
bagaimana proses ditentukan oleh mekanisma. Pengenalan kepada hubungan
keseimbangan.
Introduction to separation processes, separation mechanism and how
processes are determined by the mechanism. Introduction to
equilibrium relationship.
2 Penyulingan kilat binari dan multikomponen, Pengenalan kepada turus penyulingan:
struktur turus, jenis-jenis plat, pengoperasian
Binary and multicomponent flash calculation, Introduction to the
distillation column: column structure, type of plates, operations
3 Imbangan jisim luar turus dan imbangan dalam. Pengenalan kepada kaedah Mc-
Cabe Thiele
External and internal balances for the column; Introduction to Mc-Cabe
Thiele method
4 Konsep bilangan plat minimum, nisbah refluk minimum dan hubungannya dengan
reka bentuk optimum. Jenis-jenis kecekapan.
Minimum number of stage, minimum reflux and the relationship to
optimum design; various types of efficiency
5 Turus penyulingan kompleks: dua suapan, penyulingan stim, pemeluwap separa,
aliran sisi, dandang penuh.
Complex distillation column; steam distillation, partial condenser, side
streams and total reboiler; using HYSYS for simulation
6 Turus penyerapan dan ekstraksi cecair-cecair berperingkat. Konsep bebas bahan
larut, hubungan keseimbangan.
Absorption column and liquid-liquid extraction. Solute-free concept,
equilibrium relationship.
7 Keadah pendek untuk penyulingan dan penyerap multi-komponen. Kaedah FUG dan
Kremser.
Short cut method for multicomponent distillation and absorption. FUG
and Kremser method.
8 Reka bentuk turus terpadat. Konsep HETP, dan konsep pemindahan jisim.
Design of packed column. HETP concept, and mass transfer concept.
9 Pengiraan HTU dan NTU untuk penyerapan, penyulingan, dan ekstraksi.
Calculation of HTU and NTU for absorption, distillation and extraction.
10 Reka bentuk pensaizan dan pengoperasian turus terpadat.
Sizing and operation of packed column.
11 - 14 Integrated Project
Agihan Penilaian/Assessment Distribution

Projek/Project 20 %
Tugasan/Homework 10%
Midterm (2-hr test) 30 %
Peperiksaan akhir/Final Exam 40 %
Kefahaman mengenai mekanisma Knowledge on the separation
pemisahan dan menghubungkannya mechanisms and their relationship to the
dengan jenis proses processes
kebolehan untuk menentukan data Ability to determine equilibrium data

keseimbagan yang diperlukan untuk proses that are needed for separation processes
pemisahan
Ability to design flash distillation
Kebolehan untuk mereka bentuk turus column for binary and multicomponent
penyulingan kilat bagi sistem binari dan distillation
multikomponen
Ability to design distillation column
Kebolehan merekabentuk turus using the McCabe-Thiele method
penyulingan berperingkat menggunakan
kaedah McCabe-Thiele Ability to design absorption and
extraction column
Kebolehan merekabentuk turus
penyerapan dan ekstraksi berperingkat Ability to design the column internal
and to operate the column
Kebolehan mereka bentuk struktur
dalaman turus berperingkat dan cara-cara Ability to do preliminary design for
pengoperasian multicomponent distillation, absorption and
extraction
Kebolehan melakukan reka bentuk
awal untuk sistem penyulingan, penyerapan Ability to design packed column
dan ekstraksi multi-komponen including methods of operation
Top Qualities & Skills Employers Seek
1. Communication skills (verbal, written, and presentation)

2. Honesty/integrity
3. Interpersonal skills (relates well to others)
4. Motivation/initiative
5. Strong work ethic
6. Teamwork skills (works well with others)
7. Analytical skills
8. Flexibility/adaptability
9. Technical: technical aptitude required in position, computer
literacy with major software and maintenance
10.Detail orientated
Source: National Association of Colleges and Employers Job Outlook 2004 and
the Trends in Recruiting Report 2003-2004
Top Qualities & Skills Employers Seek
11. Leadership skills

12. Organization skills
13. Self-confidence
14. Friendly/outgoing personality
15. Tactfulness
16. Well mannered/polite
17. Creativity
18. GPA (3.0 or better)
19. Entrepreneurial skills/risk-taker
20. Sense of humor
Source: National Association of Colleges and Employers Job Outlook 2004 and
the Trends in Recruiting Report 2003-2004
Problem Based Learning: Integrated Project
• Bekerja dalam kumpulan
• Kumpulan akan dibahagikan menurut purata PNGK
• Menyiapkan satu tugasan projek yang akan mengambil
masa 7 minggu untuk menyiapkannya
• Memerlukan kerjasama dari setiap ahli kumpulan
• Memerlukan setiap ahli berfungsi dengan cekap dan penuh
disiplin
Introduction to Separations
The goal of a separations process is to purify solutions.
To do this we must cause differential transport of species or conversion of species so that the
purer mixtures can be collected. Most separations processes involve differential transport.
Examples:
Separation of blood
Purification of drugs
Purification of Au, Si, GaAs
Refining of crude oil
DNA testing
Purification of organics
Purification of water
Smog control
mixed separated
However, mixing is inherent in nature: The increase in entropy associated with the randomness of a mixture
lowers the Gibbs free energy.
Therefore, to “unmix” a solution we must overcome the entropic driving force to mix.
Why Separate?
There are many reasons for wanting pure substances. Some of these reasons include:
• Need for pure material in engineering application (semiconductors)
• Preparation of raw materials into their components
• Need for pure material for materials processing
• Need to remove toxins or inactive components from solution (drugs)
• Need for ultrapure samples for testing
• Need for analysis of the components of the mixture (DNA testing)
Based on these motivations for separations, we can divide separations up into three main areas:
Analytical Preparative Industrial

Separations Separations Separations
• small scale • small scale • large scale
• quantitative • materials for • economical
analysis R&D
Example: Example: Example:

Chromatography Centrifugation Distillation
The list of different existing separations methods is limitless. Therefore
we will emphasize the fundamentals of separations.
Note: 50 to 90 percent of capital investment in chemical plant is for separations equipment.
Background Material for Separations
The fundamentals that we will apply to study separations in this course involve:
• Materials and energy balances: conservation of energy and matter
• Thermodynamics: phase equilibrium and solution thermodynamics (Chapter 2)
• Transport phenomena (Chapter 3; not emphasized)
• Chemical reaction kinetics: rate of conversion of one species to another (not emphasized)
For the most part our analysis of various separations processes will
focus on using phase equilibrium and materials and energy balances.
Basic Description of Operations
Separations processes can be run in various modes of operation:
• Batchwise: no flows
• Continuous: continuous flows in and out of separators
• Semicontinuous: pauses in flows.
Operations are classified as key operations and auxiliary operations
• Key Operation: involves reaction or separations
Examples: distillation, leaching, reactor
• Auxiliary Operation: involves no change in chemical composition
Examples: pumps, heaters, compressors
Block Flow Diagrams indicate:
•Key Operations by rectangles and
•Flows and Streams by lines
Process Flow Diagrams indicates processes by:
•Realistic symbols of process equipment
•Including auxiliary operations
Basic Description of Operations
Block Flow Diagram Process Flow Diagram
S1 P1
Total condenser
Distillation Distillation
Reflux drum
Overhead vapor
1 Reflux
F 2 Distillate
Feed Feed Stage
Boilup
Stripping section stages
N
Partial reboiler
Bottoms
P2 S2
Example
Example: Recovery of hydrocarbons from wet natural gas (wng)
These types of separations generally exploit the differences in volatility to cause a separation
methane
C2+ ethane
Feed: wng
C2+/abs
C3+
absorber
ibutane
nbutane C4 C4+
C5+ propane
Notice that this process involves a train of separators:
This is common in industrial processes.
Mechanism of Separations
• UNMIXING is not a spontaneous process in nature
A process requiring no external driving force
Reduces randomness and thus the entropy of the system
• Separations involve nonspontaneous processes
• Usually the mixture to separate is a homogeneous, single phase:
If not, then often one will phase separate first
• gravity
• centrifugation
• filtration.
Product 1
Feed Product 2
S, L,V {ci} Product 3
Differ in concentrations,
may differ in phase state
Separator: Causes different chemical
components to move to different spatial
locations to be collected as more pure
mixtures: Differential Transport.
Main Separations Techniques
• Phase Creation: Use ESA (heat or depressurize)
• Phase Addition: Use MSA (add solvent or absorber)
• Barrier Separation: Use membrane (semipermeable membrane)
• Solid Agent separations: Use particles (reaction, absorbent film, direct absorption, chromatography)
• Separation by gradient: Use electric field, magnetic field, gravity (Hall effect, electrophoresis, mass spec)
• Phase Creation
Most Common
• Phase Addition
Gaining popularity • Barrier Separation
• Solid Agent separations
Often in labs • Separation by gradient
All five techniques rely on the ability to enhance the rate of mass transfer of certain
species relative to others to effect a spatial separation of components.
Thus, all separations processes must introduce a thermodynamic driving force
to overcome the decrease in the entropy of the system as the components are separated.
Thermodynamics of Separations
Remember that there is an “infinite” driving force associated with removing
the last impurity atom from a pure substance:
∆SM
∆S B G’
∆S A G' B 0
G' A 0
GA
GB
0 XB 1
0 XB 1
Since the driving force to mix will eventually equal the driving force
we introduced to cause the separation the extent of separation will be
limited by thermodynamics equilibrium!
Rate of Separations
Although the extent of a separation is determined by thermodynamics, the rate of separations
is limited by the differential rate at which the different species are moved. That is:
The Rate of Separation is limited by Mass Transport.
Limits: Extent = Thermodyanmics
Rate = Transport
In this course we will generally focus on the thermodynamic fundamentals
governing separations. Transport issues will be addressed, but not a focus.
More details on refinery operation

2007 Lecture1 Introduction

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2007 Lecture1 Introduction

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Thermodynamics

Agihan Penilaian/Assessment Distribution

kebolehan untuk menentukan data Ability to determine equilibrium data

1. Communication skills (verbal, written, and presentation)

11. Leadership skills

Analytical Preparative Industrial

Example: Example: Example:

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