Structural Organization of Human Body

Organization

 Chemical
 Cellular
 Tissue
 Organ
 System
 Organism
I. Integumentary The Body Systems
II. Skeletal
III. Muscular
IV. Digestive
V. Cardiovascular
VI. Lymphatic
VII. Respiratory
VIII.Nervous
IX. Endocrine
X. Urinary
XI. Reproductive
(male & female)
 Anatomy
 The science which deals with the study of the structure & shape of
the body; and body parts, and their relationships to one another
 Gross Anatomy: Study of human body with naked eye
 Microscopic Anatomy: Study of fine structure (cells & tissues) of
the human body with the help of microscope
 Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology)
 Radiological Anatomy
 Cross-sectional Anatomy
 Applied Anatomy
 Surgical Anatomy
 The Language of Anatomy

 To prevent misunderstanding, a special set of

terms are used to describe the identification
and location of body structures
 To accurately describe body parts, the body is
in a standard position called the
 Anatomical Position
The Anatomical Position

The body is erect

The arms hanging by the side

The palms facing forward

The feet parallel

 Anatomical Terminology
 Regional
Terms:
 Cranial

 Cervical

 Thoracic

 Abdominal

 Pelvic

 Planter

 Palmer
 Anatomical Terminology cont’d

 Directional Terms:
 Superior / Inferior
(Cranial,
(Cephalic) /
Caudal)

 Anterior / Posterior
(Ventral / Dorsal)
 Median / Medial /
Lateral /
Intermediate

 Proximal / Distal

 Superficial /
Deep

 External / Internal
 Terms of Movement
increasing angle with frontal plane
Flexion X Extension
decreasing angle with frontal plane 
moving away from or toward the sagittal
Abduction X Adduction
plane 
moving forward or backward along a
Protraction X Retraction
surface 
Elevation X Depression raising or lowering a structure 
Medial Lateral
movement around an axis of a bone 
Rotation X rotation
placing palm backward or forward (in
Pronation X Supination
anatomical position) 
combined movements of flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction
Circumduction
medial & lateral rotation

bringing tips of fingers and thumb

together
Opposition
as in picking something up
Opposite of above movement
 Abdominopelvic regions

We divide the
Abdominopelvic
region into 9 areas
by 2 vertical & 2
horizontal lines or
planes
Objective:
To locate the
different organs in
each region
 Body Planes & Sections
 To look at the internal structures, the body is cut
into sections
 Sections are made along imaginary lines called
planes
 There are three type of sections or planes that lie
at right angle to one another:
 Sagittal Section

 Frontal Section

 Transverse Section
 Sagittal Section
 A cut made along a
longitudinal plane
 Divides the body into
right and left parts
 If the plane passes
through the midline of
the body, the right and
left halves are equal and
it is called a midsagittal
or median section
 Frontal Section
 A cut made along
a longitudinal
plane.
 Divides the body
into anterior and
posterior parts
 It is also called a
coronal section
 Transverse Section

 A cut made along

a horizontal
plane
 Divides the body
into superior and
inferior parts
 It is also called a
cross section
 Body Cavities
 The body has two sets
of internal cavities that
lodge and protect the
organs.
 These are:
 Dorsal body cavity

 Ventral body cavity

 Dorsal Body Cavity
 Has two subdivisions,
which are continuous
with each other:
 Cranial cavity:

space inside the

bony skull, contains
brain
 Spinal cavity: space

inside the vertebral

column, contains
spinal cord
 Has two subdivisions,
which are separated from Ventral Body
each other by the Cavity
diaphragm.
 Thoracic cavity: lies

superior to diaphragm,
contains heart and
lungs
 Abdominopelvic

cavity: lies below the

diaphragm, contains
stomach, intestine,
urinary bladder, liver,
reproductive organs,
rectum, etc.
 Skeletal
System

Includes:
 Bones
 Joints
(articulations)
AXIAL SKELETON

 Skull
 Vertebral
column
 Bony thorax

Appendicular
skeleton

Bones of the
upper limb
Bones of the
lower limb
20
 Bones

Classification,
 Structure,
 Functions
 Bone
 Bone is the hardest materials in the body
 Although relatively lighter in weight, bone
shows a remarkable ability to resist tension
and other forces acting on it
 The calcium salts deposited in its matrix
give bone its hardness and the collagen
fibers provide it the flexibility and great
tensile strength
 Functions of Bones
1. Support: of the body organs
2. Protection: of soft body organs
3. Attachment of muscles
4. Movement: of the body as a whole, or of
the body parts
5. Storage: of fat & minerals e.g. calcium
and phosphorus
6. Formation of blood cell
Classification of
Bones
Bones are classified
on the bases of their:
 Shape
 Structure
 Development
 Long bones: are Classification of Bones
typically longer Based on the Shape
than they are wide.
They have a shaft
with heads at both
ends e.g. bones of
the limbs except
wrist and ankle
bones
 Short bones: are
generally cube
shaped e.g. bones
of the wrist and
ankle
 Flat bones: are
thin, flattened,
and usually
curved e.g.
bones of the
skull, ribs,
sternum
 Irregular bones
are irregular
e.g. vertebrae
Classification of Bones Based on the Structure
 Compact bone: is dense and
looks smooth and
homogenous. It is found in the
outer part of the long bones
and flat bones
 Cancellous (Spongy) bone: is
composed of small needlelike
pieces of bone and lot of open
spaces. It looks like a sponge.
It is found in the short bones
and in the heads of the long
bones
 Classification of Bones Based on the
Development

 Membrane bones that are developed in a

membranous model (membrane-bone) e.g.
skull bones
 Cartilage bones that are developed in a
cartilagenous model (membrane-cartilage-
bone) e.g. bones of the limbs
 Gross Structure of a Long Bone
 Each long bone
has:
 A shaft called the
‘diaphysis’.
 Two ends called the
‘epiphyses’
 The region at the
junction of diaphysis
and epiphysis is
called ‘metaphysis’
 The Diaphysis (Shaft)
 It is composed of
compact bone
 Is covered on its external
surface by a fibrous
connective tissue
membrane called the
periosteum.
 It has a cavity called the
marrow cavity. In adults,
the marrow cavity is a
storage area for fat and
contains yellow marrow.
In infants, it contains red
marrow and is the site of
blood cells formation
 The Epiphyses
 Each epiphysis is
composed of spongy
bone, lined by a thin
layer of compact bone.
 Its external surface is
covered by a layer of
hyaline cartilage called
the articular cartilage
 Articular cartilage
provides smooth slippery
surface that decreases
friction at joint surfaces
 The Metaphysis
 It contains a thin
plate of cartilage
called the
epipyseal plate
(disc)
 Epiphyseal plate
is responsible for
the lengthwise
growth of the long
bones.
 Role of Periosteum
 Protects the bone
 Gives attachment to
muscles
 Carries blood
vessels and nerves
to bone
 Deposits new bone
on the surface thus
increases the girth
of bone