Lecture Slides

Elementary Statistics
Twelfth Edition

and the Triola Statistics Series

by Mario F. Triola

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-1

 Chapter 12
Analysis of Variance

12-1 Review and Preview

12-2 One-Way ANOVA
12-3 Two-Way ANOVA

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-2

 Key Concepts
We introduce the method of two-way analysis of variance,
which is used with data partitioned into categories
according to two factors.

The methods of this section require that we begin by

testing for an interaction between the two factors.

Then we test whether the row or column factors have

effects.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-3

 Example

The data in the table are categorized with two factors:

1. Sex: Male or Female
2. Blood Lead Level: Low, Medium, or High
The subcategories are called cells, and the response
variable is IQ score.
The data are presented on the next slide:

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-4

 Example

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-5

 Definition
There is an interaction between two factors if the effect of
one of the factors changes for different categories of the
other factor.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-6

 Example
Let’s explore the IQ data in the table by calculating the
mean for each cell and constructing an interaction graph.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-7

Interpreting an Interaction Graph

An interaction effect is suggested if the line segments are

far from being parallel.
No interaction effect is suggested if the line segments
are approximately parallel.
For the IQ scores, it appears there is an interaction
effect:
• Females with high lead exposure appear to have lower
IQ scores, while males with high lead exposure appear
to have high IQ scores.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-8

 Requirements for Two-Way ANOVA
1. For each cell, the sample values come from a population
with a distribution that is approximately normal.
2. The populations have the same variance σ2.
3. The samples are simple random samples.
4. The samples are independent of each other.
5. The sample values are categorized two ways.
6. All of the cells have the same number of sample values (a
balanced design – this section does not include methods
for a design that is not balanced).

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-9

 Technology and Two-Way ANOVA

Two-Way ANOVA calculations are quite involved, so we

will assume that a software package is being used.

Minitab, Excel, StatCrunch, TI-83/4, STATDISK, or other

software can be used.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-10

 Procedure for Two-Way ANOVA

Step 1: Interaction Effect - test the null hypothesis that

there is no interaction

Step 2: Row/Column Effects - if we conclude there is no

interaction effect, proceed with these two
hypothesis tests
Row Factor: no effects from row
Column Factor: no effects from column

All tests use the F distribution and it is assumed technology

will be used.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-11

 Procedure for
Two-Way ANOVA

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-12

 Procedure for
Two-Way ANOVA

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-13

 Example

Given the performance IQ scores in the table at the

beginning of this section, use two-way ANOVA to test for
an interaction effect, an effect from the row factor of
gender, and an effect from the column factor of blood lead
level.

Use a 0.05 level of significance.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-14

 Example - Continued

Requirement Check:

1. For each cell, the sample values appear to be from a

normally distributed population.
2. The variances of the cells are 95.3, 146.7, 130.8, 812.7,
142.3, and 143.8, which are considerably different from
each other. We might have some reservations that the
population variances are equal – but for the purposes of
this example, we will assume the requirement is met.
3. The samples are simple random samples.
4. The samples are independent of each other.
5. The sample values are categorized in two ways.
6. All the cells have the same number of values.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-15

 Example - Continued

The technology output is displayed below:

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 Example - Continued

Step 1: Test that there is no interaction between the two

factors.

The test statistic is F = 0.43 and the P-value is

0.655, so we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

It does not appear that the performance IQ scores

are affected by an interaction between sex and
blood lead level.

There does not appear to be an interaction effect,

so we proceed to test for row and column effects.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-17

 Example - Continued

Step 2: We now test:

H0 : There are no effects from the row factor (gender).
H0 : There are no effects from the column factor (blood lead level).

For the row factor, F = 0.07 and the P-value is 0.791. Fail
to reject the null hypothesis, there is no evidence that IQ
scores are affected by the gender of the subject.

For the column factor, F = 0.10 and the P-value is 0.906.

Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is no evidence that
IQ scores are effected by the level of lead exposure.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-18

 Example - Continued

Interpretation:

Based on the sample data, we conclude that IQ scores do

not appear to be affected by sex or blood lead level.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-19

 Caution

Two-way analysis of variance is not one-way analysis of

variance done twice.

Be sure to test for an interaction between the two factors.

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-20

 Special Case:
One Observation per Cell and
No Interaction
If our sample data consist of only one observation per
cell, there is no variation within individual cells and
sample variances cannot be calculated for individual
cells.

If it seems reasonable to assume there is no interaction

between the two factors, make that assumption and test
separately:

H0 : There are no effects from the row factor.

H1 : There are no effects from the column factor.

(The mechanics of the tests are the same as presented earlier.)

Copyright © 2014, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 12.3-21