Control System

General
Basic Terminologies
Controlled Variable
is the quantity or condition that is measured and
controlled. Normally, it is the output of the systems.
Manipulated Variable
is the quantity or condition that is varied by the
controller so as to affect the value of the controlled
variable
Control
means measuring the value of the controlled variable of
the system and applying the manipulated variable to the
system to correct or limit deviation of the measured
value from a desired value
Basic Terminologies
Plants
A plant may be a piece of equipment, perhaps just a set
of machine parts functioning together, the purpose of
which is to perform a particular operation
Processes
Any operation to be controlled
System
Is a combination of components that act together and
perform a certain objective
Basic Terminologies
Disturbance
Is a signal that tends to adversely affect the value of the
output of a system
Internal and external disturbance
Feedback Control
Refers to an operation that, in the presence of
disturbances, tends to reduce the difference between the
output of a system and some reference input and that does
so on the basis of this difference.
Example of Control System

Speed Control System

 Open-Loop Control System

Systems in which the output has no effect on the control action

Washing machine is one of the practical example
In any open-loop control system the output is not compared
with the reference input. Thus, to each reference input, there
corresponds a fixed operating condition; as a result, the
accuracy of the system depends on the calibration
Open-Loop Control System
In the presence of disturbances, an open-loop control
system will not perform the desired task.
Open-loop control can be used, in practice, only if the
relationship between the input and output is known
and if there are neither internal or external
disturbances.
Note that any control system that operates on a time
basis is open-loop.
Closed-Loop Control System

To avoid the problems of the open-loop controller,

control theory introduces feedback
The controlled variable is measured and sent back for
comparison against the reference input
An example would be a room temperature control system
Closed-Loop Control System
Closed-Loop Control System
Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop
The use of feedback makes the system response relatively
insensitive to external disturbances and internal variations
in system parameters. It is thus possible to use relatively
inaccurate and inexpensive components to obtain the
accurate control of a given plant, whereas doing so is
impossible in open-loop case
From the point of view of stability, the open-loop control
system is easier to build because system stability is not a
major problem. On the other hand, stability is a major
problem in closed-loop control system, which may tend to
overcorrect errors that can cause oscillations of constant or
changing amplitude.
Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop
It should be emphasized that for systems in which the
inputs are known ahead of time and in which there are no
disturbance it is advisable to use open loop control
Closed-loop control systems have advantages only when
unpredictable disturbances and/or unpredictable
variations in system components are present
The closed-loop control system is generally higher in cost
and power due as it is more complex than the open-loop.
A proper combination of open-loop and closed-loop
control is usually less expensive and will give satisfactory
overall system performance
Summary
In order to design and implement a control system the
following essential generic elements are required:
Knowledge of the desired value
Knowledge of the output or actual value
Knowledge of the controlling device
Knowledge of the actuating device
Knowledge of the plants
Laplace Transform
Laplace Transform
Inverse of Laplace Transform
Table of Laplace Transform