7th Grade Science

History of Atom

 However, a theory of atoms was actually

formulated2,500 years before Dalton by an
Indian sage and philosopher, known as Acharya
Kanad. His real name was Kashyap.

 Kanada came up with the idea that “Anu”(atom).

 He is known as father of ancient atomic theory.

Unit A : Chapter 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 John Dalton proposed the atomic theory in
1803 which stated that…….
John Dalton 1766-1844 –
Father of modern atomic
theory.
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
All matter is made up of
atoms. Atoms are indivisible.
Atoms of an element are
identical and posses unique
characteristics and weight
Each element has its own
atoms.
Atoms can engage in a
chemical reactions.
Atoms can neither be
created nor be destroyed.
 Discovery of sub atomic
particles Name of Charge Positon Discovered
SAP By

Electron -ve charge Out side the J J Thomson

nucleus In 1897

Proton +ve charge Nucleus E. Goldstein

In 1900 and
E Rutherford
Neutron No charge Nucleus James
Chadwick,
In 1932

E. Rutherford (1911)
discovered the nucleus
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
 History of chemical symbols

 During the first half of the nineteenth century, an outstanding

Swedish chemist, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, systematically assigned

letters as symbols for the elements first time.



The word alchemist comes from alchemy, which has origins in the

Greek word khemeia, meaning "art of transmuting metals." Active

since ancient times,alchemists could be considered very early

chemists because of their work trying to transform base metals into

gold.

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Alchemist’s chemical
symbols

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 What are the Latin Names of Chemical Elements?

•The symbol is the short form or abbreviated name of the

element.
• Each element has a chemical symbol that is unique to it.
•An atom of an element is denoted by this symbol. For example,
the symbol for Carbon is C.
•Many elements have their symbol derived from either the first
letter [e.g., H for Hydrogen] or the first two letters [e.g., He for
Helium] of their names.
•A few elements have symbols derived from their Latin names
as given in the table below.
Unit A : Chapter 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Latin names of some elements
Element Symbol Latin Name

Antimony Sb Stibium

Copper Cu Cuprum

Gold Au Aurum

Iron Fe Ferrum

Lead Pb Plumbum

Mercury Hg Hydragyrum

Potassium K Kalium

Silver Ag Argentum

Sodium Na Natrium

Tin Sn Stannum
Unit A : Chapter 2
Tungsten W Wolfram

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

PERIODIC
TABLE
 Characteristics of Modern periodic table

 The elements are arranged based on their increasing atomic number.

 There are 7 periods and 18 groups in the table.

 The inert gases i.e. He, Ne, Ar, etc. are kept in the 0 group at the
extreme right side of the table.

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

Modern periodic table

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Classification of matter

On the basis of chemical constitution, all

the matter can be classified into mainly
three groups:
Elements,
compounds and
mixtures.

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Differences between Atom
and molecule
Atom Molecule
 Atom is the smallest  It is the smallest independent
indivisible particle of any particle of an element or
matter. compound.
 It may or may not exist  It can exist independently
independently.
 Molecules are made up
 Ex: A single particle of any of atoms that are held
element listed in together by chemical bonds.
the periodic table is an  Ex: O2, O3, H2O, CO2, H2 SO4,
atom. Here are some
examples of atoms:
Neon-- Ne
Hydrogen-- H

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Molecule
 It is the smallest
independent particle of
an element or compound.
It can exist independently
 Molecules are made up
of atoms that are held
together by chemical
bonds.
 Ex: O2, O3, H2O, CO2,
H2 SO4,
Unit A : Chapter 2
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Compound
 A compound is formed
when atoms or molecules
of different elements
combine.
 In a compound, elements
are chemically combined
in a fixed proportion and
held together by chemical
bonds.
 A compound can be
separated into simpler
substances by chemical
methods/reactions.
 Water (H2O), Sodium
chloride (NaCl),
 Atomicity

 Atomicity is the total number of atoms present in one

molecule of an element or a substance.
 Example: An oxygen molecule (written as O2) consists of 2
atoms of oxygen (O) and hence an atomicity of 2.
Similarly, an ozone molecule (O3) consists of 3 atoms of
oxygen and has an atomicity of 3.
 Phosphorus: P4 - 4 atomicity
Sulphur: S8 - 8 atomicity
Recently a different form of carbon - C60 has been
discovered. It is named Buckministerfullerene and has an
atomicity of sixty.
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
 Classification of Molecules
•If the molecule is made up of atoms of the same element it is said to
be homo-atomic. Examples: O2, N2
•If the molecule is made up of atoms of the different elements it is said
to be hetero-atomic. Examples: CO2, H2O, SO3, HCl

Depending upon the number of atoms in one

molecule of the element it can be classified as:

Atom

Unit A : Chapter 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Examples of monoatomic and
diatomic
 Monatomic elements are
simply elements that
are stable as single
atoms (“Mona” refers to
“Mono,” meaning
something being ONE,
remember!). Examples
of monatomic elements
are the noble gases,
such as: Helium, Neon,
Argon,Krypton, Radon,
etc..
Unit A : Chapter 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Examples of atoms

Unit A : Chapter 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Atom – the smallest unit of matter “indivisible”

Helium
atom

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

  electrons orbit the nucleus like planets
orbit the sun
The circular path of electrons around the
nucleus are called orbit or shell

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Electron shells

a) Atomic number = number of Electrons

b) Electrons vary in the amount of energy they

possess, and they occur at certain energy
levels or electron shells.

c) Electron shells determine how an atom

behaves when it encounters other atoms

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Electrons are placed in
shells according to rules:

1) To find the capacity of electrons in each shell we need

to use this formula--- 2n2
If n=1

2(1)2=2x1=2

2) The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons only and

each shell thereafter can hold up to 8 electrons.
 Duplet rule states that when an element gets 2
electrons in its outer most shell to achieve a stable
electronic configuration.
 Octet rule states that when an element gets 8 electrons
in its outer most shell to achieve a stable electronic
configuration.

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Bohr's Model of the Atom
 each orbit can hold a specific maximum
number of electrons

Shell maximum no: of

electrons
1 - K 2
2 - L 8
3 - M 18
4 - N 32

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Why are electrons important?

Electron configuration or
electron arrangement in shell.
Arrangement of electrons in different
shells is called electronic
configuration.
1) Elements have different electron
configurations

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so
as to have 8 electrons
C would like to Gain 4 electrons
N would like to Gain 3 electrons
O would
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville like to Gain 2 electrons
ISD, 8th Grade
 Unit A : Chapter 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

 Atomic Theory

•http://education.jlab.org/qa/history_02.html
•http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/c
hemach/ppt/jd.html
•http://www.aip.org/history/electron/jjhome.htm
•http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/c
hemach/ans/er.html
•http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-
bio.html
Unit A : Chapter 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade