3D viewing and clipping:

3D viewing:
In 3D system objects are 3D the display devices are only 2D.
•The mismatch between 3D object and 2D display is compensated by introducing projections.
•The projections transform 3D object into 2D projection plane.
•In 3D viewing, we specify a view volume in the world coordinates using modeling
transformation.
•The world coordinate positions of the object are then converted into viewing coordinates by
viewing transformation.
•The projection transformation then used to convert the description of object in viewing
coordinates to the 2D projection coordinates into the device coordinates.
Conceptual model of 3D transformation process:
right handed viewing coordinate system
A view plane is nothing but the film plane in a camera which is positioned and
oriented for a particular shot of the scene.

A view plane can be defined by establishing the viewing coordinate system or view
reference coordinate system.
View reference point:

This point is the center of our viewing coordinate system.

It is often chosen to be closed to or on the surface of some object in a scene.

View plane normal vector.

This normal vector is the direction perpendicular to the view plane.

The view plane is the film in camera and we focus the camera towards the view
reference point.

This means that the camera is pointed in the direction of the view plane normal.
View reference point and view plane normal vector.
View Distance:

The view plane normal vector is a directed line segment from the view plane to the
view reference point.

The length of this directed line segment is referred to as view distance.

It tells how far the camera is positioned from the view reference point.
3 D viewing parameters
•It is possible to obtained the different views by rotating the camera about the view
plane normal vector and keeping view reference point and direction of N vector
fixed.

•At different angles, the view plane will show the same scene, but rotated
so that a different part of the object is up.
•We can also obtain a series of views of scene, by keeping the view reference
point fixed and changing the direction of N ,as shown in the figure.
Transformation from World Coordinates to viewing coordinates:

The conversion of object description from world coordinates to viewing coordinates

is achieved by following transformation sequence:

1. Translate the view reference point to the origin of world coordinate system.
2. Apply rotation to align the Xv ,Yv, Zv axes with the world coordinate Xw ,Yw, Zw
axes respectively.

The view point specified at world position (Xp , Yp, Zp) can be translated to the
world coordinate origin with matrix transformation.

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
T= 0 0 1 0
-xp -yp -zp 1
•For alignment of three axes we require 3 coordinate axis rotation, depending on
the direction we choose for N.

•We can align the viewing and world coordinates systems with the
transformation sequence (Rx. Ry.Rz).

•Therefore ,the composite transformation matrix is given as

Tc =T.Rx.Ry.Rz.
Projections:

•After converting the description of object from world coordinates to viewing

coordinates we can project the 3D object onto the 2D view plane.

•There are 3 basic ways of projection object onto the view plane:
1. Parallel projection
2. Perspective projection

Parallel projection:
•In parallel projection ,z coordinate is discarded and parallel lines from each vertex
on the object are extended until they intersect the view plane.

•The point of intersection is the projection of vertex.

•We connect the projected vertices by line segments which correspond to

connections on the original object.

Perspective projection:
•In Perspective projections, the lines of projection are not parallel.

•They all converge at a single point called the center of projection.

•The objects positions are transformed to the view plane along these converged projection
lines and the projected view of an object is determined by calculating the intersection of
the converged projection lines with the view plane.
Types of parallel projection:
•parallel projections are basically categorized into 2 types, depending on the relation
between the direction of projection and the normal to the view plane.

•When the direction of the projection is normal to the view plane ,we have an
orthographic parallel projection.

• otherwise we have an oblique parallel projection.

Orthographic projection:

•The most common type of Orthographic projections are the front projection, top
projection, side projection.

•In all these ,the projection plane is perpendicular to the principle axis.

•Orthographic projection can display more than one face of an object.

•Such an Orthographic projection is called axonometric Orthographic projection.

•It uses projection planes that are not normal to a principle axis.

•Parallelism of lines is preserved but angles are not.

•The most commonly used axonometric orthographic projection is the isometric

projection.
•Oblique projection:

•Oblique projection is obtained by projecting points along parallel lines that are not
perpendicular to the projection plane.

•The view plane normal and the direction of projection re not the same.

•The oblique projections are further classified as the cavalier and cabinet projections.

•For the cavalier projection ,the direction of projection makes a 45 degree angle with he
view plane.

•As a result ,the projection of a line perpendicular to the view plane has the same length
as the line itself.
cabinet projections:

•The lines perpendicular to the viewing surface are projected at one half their
actual length .

•cabinet projections appear more realistic than cavalier projections `because of

the reduction in the length of perpendicular.

•The Types of perspective projection

•The perspective projection of any set of parallel lines that are not parallel to
the projection plane converge to a vanishing point.

•There are 3 such points, corresponding to the number of principle axis cut by
the projection plane.

1. one point
2.Two point
3.Three point
For alignment of three axes we require the 3 coordinate axis rotation ,depending
on the direction we choose for N.
3 D viewing parameters
rotating view plane
perspective projection
isometric projection
one point perpective projection