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Chapter 3: Human
Development
Objective/Aim
2
Topics Covered
Introduction
Physical growth and development
Piaget’s theory
Kohlberg’s theory
3
Introduction
Developmental Psychology
Stage Approximate Age
Introduction 5
Physical Growth &
Development
Early Childhood
Brain development
Begins and develops from a fluid-filled
neural tube
Neurons grow, connections increase
Myelination
Motor development
Newborns – reflexes
Develop voluntary control over movements
of body parts
(20/200 to 20/600)
By 6 months – 20/100 or better
level (20/20)
Last few months of pregnancy, fetus can
Females – Menopause
Cessation of menstrual cycle
About 45 – 55 years old
Decreased estrogen production leads to
some physical changes
Research does not show that it results in
serious psychological mood swings, loss of
sexual interest, and depression
Physical Growth and Development 13
Middle Age
Male Climacteric
Gradual reduction in sperm and
testosterone production
Physical changes: unexpected weight gain,
decline in sexual responsiveness, loss of
muscle strength, greying or loss
of hair
May feel depressed and question
life progress
Physical Growth and Development 14
Later Adulthood
Preconventional level
Stage 1
Stage 2
Conventional level
Stage 3
Stage 4
Postconventional level
Stage 5
Kohlberg's Theory 30
Stage 6
Preconventional Level
Birth – adolescence
Moral judgement is self-centred
Moral understanding based on rewards,
punishment, and exchange of favours
Kohlberg's Theory 31
Stage 1
Kohlberg's Theory 33
Stage 2
Stage 2: Instrumental-exchange
orientation
Children recognise that there is not just
one right view determined by the
authorities
Aware of other’s point of view
Kohlberg's Theory
yours” 34
What is right for Heinz is what meets his
Conventional Level
Kohlberg's Theory 35
Stage 3
Kohlberg's Theory 38
Stage 5
39
Stage 6
40
Summary
46
Examples…
LeapFrog Enterprises
The Discovery Ball is clearly designed
for children in the sensorimotor
stage. At this stage a child discovers by
sensing and by doing. The toy offers a
lot of sensory stimulation; the ball
spins, flashes bright colours, plays
songs, and speaks letters. This toy
allows infants to truly discover by 47
FisherPrice
The Sparkling Symphony Gym allows
children to use their sensory and motor
skills. Babies can reach and bat at
hanging toys, which helps their motor
skills and allow them to learn by
doing.
48
Preoperational stage (2 – 7
years)
Symbolic play (symbolism - child can
make objects stand for something else)
Involves fantasy play
Involve role playing or has some level
of pretence
Animism – child believes that all objects
have some kind of consciousness
Rules are not developed 49
50
Concrete operational stage
(7 – 11 years)