Lesson 2 NOUNS

NOUNS
LESSON 2
GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

NOUNS
Concrete vs. Abstract
Common vs Proper
Countable vs. Uncountable
Compound Nouns
Singular vs. Plural
Collective Nouns
Genders of Nouns
Possessive vs. Contractions
Appositives
NOUNS
-name a person, a place, a thing or object, an
animal, an idea, a feeling and an event.

Farah wants to go home and
play with her cats.
Concrete Nouns
-things you can see or touch

Poverty is his motivation to
reach success.
His anger was caused by
hunger.
Abstract Nouns
-ideas, qualities, states, actions
and feelings that can’t be seen
or touched.
Common Nouns
-general names
Proper Nouns
-names given to specific individuals

COMMON PROPER
university Mindoro State University
country Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam
cat Felix
restaurant Mang Inasal
drink Pepsi
subject Grammar and Composition
singer Justin Beiber

COMMON PROPER
website
book
social media platform
mobile phone
laptop
currency
athlete

Countable Uncountable
-Can be counted -Cannot be counted
-table, letter, cup, -tea, sugar, vinegar, salt, knowledge, air, anger, fear,
computer, bib, bidet, love, water
poster, shop, ID, cauldron
-a/an, plurals -NO a/an, plurals
Measures – cup, glasses, grams, ounces, liters, tbsp.
How many? How much?
A few A little
Many, a lot of Much, a lot of
Some Some

Some nouns are countable in other languages but
uncountable in English. They must follow the rules for
uncountable nouns.
The most common ones are:
accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior,

bread, furniture, information, luggage, news,
progress, traffic, travel, trouble, weather, work

Compound Nouns
One Word (Closed or solid form) – housekeeper, bookmark,

outdoors, teammate, showcase, sunrise, childhood,
newspaper, softball, redhead, makeup, keyboard,
notebook, bookstore, bookkeeper, policeman
Hyphenated Form– sister-in-law, great-aunt, walkie-talkie, six-
pack, officer-in-charge, editor-in-chief, front-runner, know-
how, runner-up
More than One Word (Open or spaced form) – living room,
full moon, coffee mug, real estate, jigsaw puzzle, health
care, French fry, comic strip, chat room
Singular vs. Plural
To form the plural form or most nouns,

simply add –s. However, there are other
plural nouns that are formed in different
ways.

Nouns ending with s, z, ch, sh, x
Add es
glass - glasses bias – biases
buzz – buzzes waltz – waltzes
church – churches scratch – scratches
sash – sashes radish – radishes
tax- taxes box- boxes

Nouns ending with s, z, ch, sh, x
Add es
glass - glasses bias – biases
buzz – buzzes waltz – waltzes
church – churches scratch – scratches
sash – sashes radish – radishes
tax- taxes box- boxes
For some words that end in z, add zes like
in the word quiz - quizzes
Nouns ending with o preceded by a vowel
Add s
radio – radios studio – studios rodeo - rodeos
Nouns ending with o preceded by a consonant

Add es
cargo – cargoes hero – heroes echo- echoes
Sometimes s
piano, solo, zero, photo
Nouns ending with y preceded by a vowel
Add s
day – days toy – toys key – keys
Nouns ending with y preceded by a consonant

Change y to i and add es
duty – duties diary – diaries penny - pennies

Nouns ending with f or fe
Generally, change f or fe to v, then add es
loaf – loaves thief- thieves wife - wives
Some nouns ending in f
form Plural by adding s
roof – roofs chief – chiefs hoof - hoofs

Peculiar Plurals.
Some nouns in common use form the Plural by a change of
inside vowel
Man Men
Woman Women
Foot Feet
Goose Geese
Tooth Teeth
Louse Lice
Mouse Mice

Peculiar Plurals.
Some nouns in common use form the Plural in en
Ox Oxen
Child children
Brother Brethren
Some nouns in common use retain its singular form

sheep Sheep
deer deer

Peculiar Plurals.
Some nouns have no singular form (SPECIAL NOUNS)
News Bellows
Statistics Tidings
Nuptials Pincers

Collective Nouns
-name a group of similar individuals, be they people, animals,
or things A group students class
Fish school
Wolves pack
Bees swarm
Employee staff
Experts panel
Things bunch
Onlookers crowd
Criminals gang
Rubbish pile
Collective Nouns
A collective noun used as a subject may be followed
by either a singular or plural verb depending on its
meaning. It is singular when the members of the
group are acting as a single unit.
The staff consists of three persons

who are experts in zoology.

Collective Nouns
A collective noun is plural when the members of the
group are acting seperately.
The staff share their opinions about

putting animals in the zoo.

Genders of Nouns
- Nouns are now classified according to sex or
absence of sex, and not, as once, by form or
declension
In English, the four genders of noun are

masculine, feminine, common, and neuter.

Genders of Nouns
Masculine- refers to the male figure or male member of a
species (i.e boy, actor, heir, lad, lion, horse, etc.)
Feminine- refers to the female figure or male member of a

species (i.e girl, actress, heiress, lass, lioness, mare, etc.)
Common - nouns refer to members of a species and don't

specify the gender (i.e. child, parent, orphan, student, etc.)
Neuter - Neuter nouns refer to things that have no gender

(i.e. book, flock, dream, etc.)
Modes of denoting Gender of Nouns
By a Change of Ending.
god – goddess, hunter – huntress, duke – duchess, host – hostess
By a Change of Word.
boar – sow, gentleman – lady, drake – duck, husband – wife
By placing a Word Before or After.

landlord – landlady, peacock – peahen, grandfather – grandmother

Possessive Nouns vs. Contraction
Possessive nouns tell who or what owns or has something.
Plural Noun The teachers wrote an essay. More than one teacher
Plural Possessive The teachers’ essay won The essay by several teachers
Noun international recognition.
Singular Possessive I have read my teacher’s The essay of one teacher
Noun essay.
Contractions The teacher’s the author The teacher is the author
The teacher’s published an The teacher has published the
essay. essay.

Appositive
- noun that is placed next to another noun to identify it or add
information about it.
Example.
Our president, Rodrigo Duterte, was the former mayor of
Davao City.
The noun Rodrigo Duterte identifies the noun next to

it, president. Hence, Rodrigo Duterte is an appositive.

Appositive Phrase
- A group of words including the appositive and the other
words that modify it.
Example.
Leni Robredo, the wife of the late Jessie Robredo, was elected
as the vice president of the Philippines.
The words ‘the’ and the phrase ‘of the late Jessie
Robredo’ modify the word ‘wife’. The phrase ‘the wife
of the late Jessie Robredo’ is an appositive phrase.

An appositive or an appositive phrase may be placed
anywhere in the sentence as long as it appears next to
the noun it identifies. Appositives are usually set off with
commas. However, if they are essential to meaning of
the sentences, commas are not used.
Dr. Jose Rizal’s book Noli Me Tangere became popular not only
in the Philippines but also in other countries.
Dr. Jose Rizal’s father, Francisco Mercado, was a leaseholder of

a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans.

Dr. Jose Rizal does not have only one book, so the
appositive, Noli Me Tangere, is needed to identify this
particular book. In this case, no commas are needed.
On the other hand, Dr. Jose Rizal had only one father;
hence, his father’s name is not needed to identify him. In
this case, commas are needed.

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NOUNS

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

Many, a lot of Much, a lot of

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior,

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

One Word (Closed or solid form) – housekeeper, bookmark,

To form the plural form or most nouns,

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

Nouns ending with o preceded by a consonant

Nouns ending with y preceded by a consonant

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

Some nouns in common use retain its singular form

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

The staff consists of three persons

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

The staff share their opinions about

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

In English, the four genders of noun are

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

Feminine- refers to the female figure or male member of a

Common - nouns refer to members of a species and don't

Neuter - Neuter nouns refer to things that have no gender

By placing a Word Before or After.

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

The noun Rodrigo Duterte identifies the noun next to

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

Dr. Jose Rizal’s father, Francisco Mercado, was a leaseholder of

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION DR. CHRISTIAN EDEZON B. LOPEZ

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