Building Constructi ON II: Wood Frame and Light RC Construction

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTI
ON
II
WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC
CONSTRUCTION
2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC
CONSTRUCTION
2.1 TYPES OF WOOD
FRAMING
1. Light Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Heavy Wood Framing of
2.0
Construction
Beam and Girder Framing
Types of Wood Framing
Systems 2.1
Joints & Splicing 1. Light Wood Framing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade a). Balloon Frame. This the lightest
Floor Finish form of framing, in which the studding
CHB Wall Construction
and corner posts are set up in
Posts
Wood Floor Framing continuous lengths from first floor line
System & Floor Finishes or sill to roof plate. Boards called
Wall Framing System & ribbons are notched and nailed into
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
the studs and corner posts at the
Ceiling Finishes proper height to support the second
Wood Roof Framing story joists. A joist is brought against
System & Roofing a stud wherever possible. This type of
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware frame is lacking in rigidity and is liable
Windows & Window to sway and tremble in heavy winds.
Hardware
Miscellaneous Ribbon, Ribband - a horizontal member which is housed in the studs of balloon framing and carries joists.
Combination Frame.
b) Combination Frame. A modification of
the old braced frame which was of heavy
timbers with every joint mortised and
tenoned. The modification consists of lighter
timbers and less mortising and pinning to
save material and labor.
Girts are framed into the corner posts at the

Wood Frame & Light RC second story level joists as well as to brace
2.0 the whole frame. The girts which support the
Construction
floor joist are called drop girts; those parallel
Systems 2.1
to the joists are called raised or flush girts.
Joints & Splicing The studs run from sill to girt and from girt to
Timber Connectors roof plate. Diagonal braces run from sill to
Isolated Footings corner posts and from the corner posts to
Paving and Slab on Grade
Floor Finish
the roof plate. This type of construction is
CHB Wall Construction more rigid than the balloon frame.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing Braced Frame, Full Frame – 1. The frame of a building in which the resistance to lateral forces or to frame instability is provided by diagonal
Wood Stairs bracing, K-bracing, or other type of bracing. 2. Heavy, braced wood framing for a structure which uses girts that are mortised into solid
Doors & Door Hardware posts; the posts are full frame height, with one-story-high studs between, usually diagonally braced.
Windows & Window Girt –A horizontal structural member in the framing of a timber-framed house, typically supporting the ends of the ceiling joists and acting
as the main horizontal support for the floor or roof above. Often preceded by an adjective indicating its position; for example, front girt,
Hardware
denotes a heavy timber that runs horizontally along the front of the house; rear girt, along the rear.
Miscellaneous
Platform Frame.
c) Platform Frame. A system of
framing for a building of wood
construction several stories high, in
which the studs are only one story
high; the floor joists for each story
rest on the top plates of the story
below or on the sole plate of the
Wood Frame & Light RC first story. Also called Western
2.0
Construction
Framing.
Systems 2.1
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing - This is the type of
Ceiling Framing System & framing used in the Philippines in which the floor joists are carried by girders,
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing and the roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the posts. Studs rest
System & Roofing on floor sills and extend up the girder or girt in every floor.
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware
Top Plate – 1. The top horizontal member of a frame building to which the rafters are fastened. 2. The horizontal member at the top of
Windows & Window the partition studs.
Hardware Sole Plate – 1. Same as solepiece. 2. A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud partition. 3. A plate riveted to
Miscellaneous the bottom flange of a plate girder to bear on the masonry plate.
2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING
2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS
1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is used

in very hasty construction for temporary
framing and is made by lapping one piece
Wood Frame & Light RC
Construction
2.0 over the other and nailing then together. It is
not a very strong joint. PLAIN LAP LAP JOINT
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2
Timber Connectors 2. Butt or Square Joint (End Joint). The butt joint is made by placing full thickness
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade of wood directly against the second piece. The butt end should be squared and
Floor Finish the sides against which it butts smooth so that the pieces will be perpendicular to
CHB Wall Construction each other. The joint is toe-nailed.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs FINGER
END JOINT SCARF JOINT SQUARE
SPLICE JOINT
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
3. Oblique Joint. This type of joint is made when the two pieces do not meet at right
angles, e.g. bracings. One piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the two
pieces nailed securely together.
Stop Chamfer
Easement
Joggle
Eased Edge
Wood Frame & Light RC Dap
2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing CHAMFER

Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices)
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
5. Scarf Joint. A joint by which the ends of two pieces of timber are united to form a
Floor Finish continuous piece; the mating surface may be beveled, chamfered, notched, etc.
CHB Wall Construction before bolting, gluing, welding, etc.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Scarf Joint – In welding, a butt joint between tow pieces of metal whose ends are beveled. In electrical systems, a joint in electrical
Miscellaneous cable in which the ends are beveled before soldering.
6. Mortise and Tenon Joint. This type of joint is used for building wooden
framework where great strength and rigidity are all important. It is made by
cutting a hole or mortise in one piece and a tenon or tongue in the second
piece to fit the hole in the other. The tenon may extend fully through the other
piece or only part of the way.
Mortise
Wood Frame & Light RC Stub Tenon

2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing BLIND OPEN Through

Systems MORTISE MORTISE Tenon
MORTISE
Timber Connectors JOINT
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade CHASE
Floor Finish Key
MORTISE
Posts Undercut FOXTAIL
Wood Floor Framing Tenon
System & Floor Finishes WEDGE
Wall Framing System & Haunched
Wall Finishes Tenon
Ceiling Finishes Articulate
Wood Roof Framing BRIDLE
System & Roofing KEYED
JOINT
Wood Stairs JOINT
Windows & Window DRAWBORE
Hardware
Miscellaneous
7. Halved Joint. This joint is made by cutting half the thickness of the wood from each piece
at the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush. The purpose of this type of joint is to
maintain a level surface at the joint.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 END-LAP CROSS-LAP MITERED
Timber Connectors JOINT JOINT HALVING
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish 8. Rabbet Joint. This joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one piece to receive
Posts
the other piece. It is used in window or door frames, or in shelf and drawer construction.
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes Rabbet
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
RABBET JOINT
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
9. Dado Joint. This is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. In the dado joint a
groove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain of the other board. If nails are
used, they are needed only at the end piece since the groove will provide the
necessary strength to hold the other piece in place.
Dado
Stopped Dado

2.0
Construction
DADO JOINT
Systems 10. Miter Joint. The miter is a joint between two pieces which come together at a corner.
Joints & Splicing 2.2 It is a finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement.
Timber Connectors It is made by cutting the two ends at angles complementary to each other, usually
Isolated Footings
45, and then butting them together. The joint is secured by clamp nails or finishing
Floor Finish nails, corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing MITER JOINT SHOULDER TONGUED COPED JOINT
Wood Stairs quirk
MITER MITER
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
11. Dovetail Joint. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, is
strong and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in the shape of a dovetail in one
piece to fit a groove similarly shaped in the other piece.

2.0 DOVETAIL SECRET LAP COMMON DOVETAIL JOINT
Construction
HALVING DOVETAIL DOVETAIL DOVETAIL
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 12. Coped Joint. The coped joint is used when fitting one piece of moulding at right
Timber Connectors angles to the second piece.
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish Other types of joints include the shiplapped joint and the tongue and grooved joint
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing ANGLE JOINT EDGE JOINT TONGUE AND SPLINE BUTTERFLY
System & Roofing GROOVE WEDGE
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window Shiplap, shiplap boards, shiplap siding – Wood sheathing whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint.
Hardware Tongue and Groove Joint, T & G Joint – A joint formed by the insertion of the tongue of one member into the
corresponding groove of another.
Miscellaneous
COMMON WOOD JOINTS
FOR FURNITURE

2.0
Construction

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
VARIATIONS OF
LAP JOINTS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
VARIATIONS OF
MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.2.2 SPLICES
The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in such

a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of equivalent size.
Splices are of three types: for compression, tension and bending.
A. Splices for Compression
Wood Frame & Light RC 1. Scabbed or Fished Splice. Two pieces of timber are squared at their ends
2.0
Construction
and fitted together. Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal plates
Types of Wood Framing called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined.
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 The scabs or fishplates serve to keep the splice straight and to prevent
Timber Connectors buckling.
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Scabs or Fish Plates
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Scab – A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed, or screwed to two butting pieces in order to splice them together.
Miscellaneous Fishplate – A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nails or bolts.
2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and when
combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is some tension.
This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required
length and putting the halved sections together.

2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing B. Splices for Tension

Systems
Timber Connectors 1. Square Splice. This is a modification of the compression halved splice. It
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade has an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used in combination
Floor Finish with scabs or fishplates.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Square Splice – A type of half-lapped scarf joint; may be reinforced with a fishplate; esp. used to resist tension.
Miscellaneous
C. Splices for Bending
1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a

horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to
compression while the lower half is under tension. A splice for bending
should, therefore, combine the features of the tension and compression
splice. The upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum
resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end,
2.0
since there is no tendency to crush the timber. To overcome the
Construction
tendency to pull apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the
Types of Wood Framing bottom and bolted securely
Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing Fish Plate
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.3 TIMBER CONNECTORS
Timber connectors are metal devices used to provide
added strength at bolted joints. They eliminate
complicated framing of joints, simplify the design of
heavy construction, and save much time and labor.
Among the various types of timber connectors are:

2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing 1. Split Rings. These are made in

Systems sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and 6 in. in
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors 2.3 diameter. They used for heavy
Isolated Footings construction.
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes 2. Toothed Rings. These are toothed
Wall Framing System & and corrugated. They are made in
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & 2, 2-5/8, and 4 4 in. dia. They are
Ceiling Finishes used between two timber frames
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing for comparatively light
Wood Stairs construction.
Windows & Window
Hardware Split-ring Connector – A ring-shaped metal insert placed in precut circular grooves and held by bolts; used as a timber
Miscellaneous connector.
3. Claw Plates. One side is clawed
and other smooth. They are used
either singly, in timber to metal
connections, or in pairs in timber to
timber connections. The female
plate is adaptable for use when the
connector must lie flush with the
Wood Frame & Light RC timber surface.
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors 2.3
Isolated Footings 4. Shear Plates. When installed these
Floor Finish
lie flush with the timber surface.
CHB Wall Construction They are used singly or in pairs. In
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
timber to metal connections the
System & Floor Finishes plate is placed with its back towards
Wall Framing System & the metal.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Shear Plate – In structural steel, one of the reinforcement plates added to the web of a steel beam to increase the web capacity to
resist shearing loads.
Miscellaneous
2.4 MASONRY WALLS
Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with

mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally
efficient in compression. Masonry walls may be constructed as solid
walls, cavity walls, or veneered walls.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing SOLID CAVITY VENEERED
System & Roofing WALL WALL WALL
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Masonry walls may also be classified as unreinforced or reinforced.
Unreinforced masonry walls, also called plain masonry walls,

incorporate horizontal joint reinforcement and metal wall ties to bond
wythes of a solid or cavity walls.

2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing SOLID MASONRY CAVITY WALLS MASONRY

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Reinforced masonry walls, utilize
System & Floor Finishes steel reinforcing bars embedded in
Wall Framing System & grout filled joints and cavities to aid
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & the masonry in resisting stresses.
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Wythe – refers to a continuous vertical section of a wall that is one masonry unit in thickness.
Miscellaneous Grout – 1. Mortar containing a considerable amount of water so that it has the consistency of a viscous liquid, permitting it to be
poured or pumped into joints, spaces, and cracks within masonry walls and floors, between pieces of ceramic tiles, and
into joints between preformed roof deck units. 2. In foundation work, mixtures of cement, cement-sand, clay or chemicals;
used to fill voids in granular soils, usually by a process of successive injection through drilled holes.
2.4.1 TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS
The most common types of masonry units are bricks, which are
heat-hardened clay units, and concrete blocks, which are
chemically hardened units. Other types of masonry units include
structural clay tile, structural glass block, and natural or cast
stone.
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes CONCRETE BLOCK
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing GLASS BLOCK
Wood Stairs STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE
Windows & Window BRICK
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.4.2 MORTAR
Mortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both,

with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction.
TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO MATERIAL

CONSTITUENCY
2.0
Construction

1. Cement mortar is made by mixing portland cement, sand,
Systems and water.
Joints & Splicing 2. Lime mortar is a mixture of lime, sand, and water that is
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4 rarely used because of its slow rate of hardening and low
CHB Wall Construction compressive strength.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing 3. Cement-lime mortar is a cement mortar to which lime is
System & Floor Finishes added to increase its plasticity and water retentivity.
Wall Finishes 4. Masonry cement is a proprietary mix of Portland cement
Ceiling Framing System & and other ingredients, as hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
entraining agents, and gypsum, requiring only the addition
System & Roofing of sand and water to make cement mortar.
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH
1. Type M mortar is a high strength mortar recommended for

use in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the
earth, as foundation and retaining walls subject to high
lateral or compressive loads; compressive strength is 2500
psi (17,238 kPa).
Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Type S mortar is a medium-high-strength mortar

2.0
Construction recommended for use in masonry where bond and lateral
strength are more important than compressive strength;
Systems compressive strength is 1800 psi (12,411 kPa).
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.4 3. Type N mortar is a medium-strength mortar recommended
CHB Wall Construction for general use in exposed masonry above grade where
Posts
Wood Floor Framing high compressive and lateral strength are not required;
System & Floor Finishes compressive strength is 750 psi (5,171 kPa).
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & 4. Type O mortar is a low-strength mortar suitable for use in
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing interior non-load bearing walls and partitions.
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
5. Type K mortar is a very low-strength mortar suitable only for
Windows & Window use in interior non-load bearing walls where permitted by the
Hardware
Miscellaneous
building code.
2.5 CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Block or Cement Block is a hollow or solid concrete masonry
unit (CMU) consisting of Portland cement and suitable aggregates combined
with water. Lime, fly ash, air-entraining agents, or other admixtures may be
included.
2.5.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

2.0
Construction
A stretcher
Types of Wood Framing is a masonry
Systems
Joints & Splicing unit laid
Timber Connectors horizontally
Masonry Walls with its
CHB Wall Construction 2.5
length in the
On Grade Construction
Concrete Piers on Isolated direction of
Footing the face of
Posts the wall.
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories
Skylights
2.5.2 LAYOUT OF CHB

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Concrete Piers on Isolated
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.5.3 WALL FOOTING
The wall footing or strip

footing is a strip of
reinforced concrete
wider than the wall
which distributes the
Wood Frame & Light RC load to the soil.
2.0
Construction Reinforcements for wall
Types of Wood Framing footings shall equal
Systems 0.2% to 0.3% of the
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
cross sectional area of
Masonry Walls concrete, except for
unusual cases.
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories *MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer,
Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction
Skylights
To provide anchorage of CHB to concrete, the following are used:
a) Hook or hooked bar – a steel reinforcing bar, for use in reinforced

concrete, with the end bent into a hook to provide anchorage. Used in joint
with the wall footing.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
b) Dowel-bar reinforcement – short, reinforcing bars of steel which extend
approximately equally into two abutting pieces of concrete, to increase the
strength of the joint. Used in joint with columns or beams.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.5.4 STIFFENER COLUMNS AND BEAMS
CHB partition walls are ideally

supported against lateral
movements vertically by stiffener
columns and horizontally by
Wood Frame & Light RC stiffener beams. A stiffener
2.0
Construction column is located at the
Types of Wood Framing intersections of CHB walls and at
Systems regular intervals (of about 3 M) for
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors a long partition wall. Stiffener
Masonry Walls columns are in the form of an I, T
or an L.
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
In low cost construction, however, stiffener columns may be substituted for a
grouted cell (or, a CHB cell compacted with grout) while stiffener RC beams for
bond beams.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories Bond-beam block – A hollow concrete masonry unit with portions depressed to form a continuous channel in which reinforcing
Skylights steel can be placed for embedment in grout. A lintel block sometimes is used as a bond-beam block.
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
A lintel is a horizontal structural member (such as a beam) over an
opening which carries the weight of the wall above it; usually of steel,
stone, or wood. In CHB construction, a lintel is constructed with lintel
blocks or U-blocks, which have a single core with an open end; usually
placed with its open end upright; such blocks form a continuous beam
when filled with grout and proper reinforcement.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.6 ON GRADE CONSTRUCTION
2.6.1 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
On Grade Construction 2.6
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes Concrete slabs on grade require the support of a level, stable, uniformly dense or
Ceiling Finishes properly compacted soil base containing no organic matter. When placed over
Wood Roof Framing soil of low bearing capacity or expansive soils, a concrete ground slab must be
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
designed as a mat or raft foundation, which requires professional analysis and
Doors & Accessories design by a qualified structural engineer.
Skylights
2.6.2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS
Three types of joints are done in order to accommodate movement in the plane
of a concrete slab on grade:

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.6.3 GRADE BEAMS
Grade Beam – that part of a foundation system (usually in a building without a basement)
which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure; commonly designed as a beam which
bears directly on the column footings, or may be self-supporting, as a long strap footing.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.7 CONCRETE PIERS ON ISOLATED FOOTINGS
2.7.1 WOOD POSTS ON CONCRETE PIERS
Wood posts are anchor strapped to and supported by reinforced

concrete piers on isolated footings. For the wood post to seat
perfectly on the concrete, grout is poured in between the joint.
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
2.7
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories Pier – 1. A column designed to support concentrated load. 2. A member, usually in the form of a thickened section, which forms an
Windows & Accessories integral part of a wall; usually placed at intervals along the wall to provide lateral support or to take concentrated vertical loads.
Skylights Isolated Footing – the individual spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier.
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
2.7
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.7.2 WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE PIERS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
2.7
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.8 POSTS
Wood posts may be solid, built-up, or spaced. In selecting a wood

post, the following should be considered: lumber species, structural
grade, modulus of elasticity, and allowable compressive, bending
Wood Frame & Light RC and shear stress value permitted for the intended use. In addition,
2.0
Construction attention must be paid to the precise loading conditions and the types
of connections used.
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls Wood posts are loaded axially in compression. Failure can result in
CHB Wall Construction crushing of wood fibers if the maximum unit stress exceeds the
Concrete Piers on Isolated allowable unit stress in compression parallel to the grain. The load
Footing capacity of the post is also determined by its slenderness ratio. As
Posts 2.8
Wood Floor Framing the slenderness ratio of a post increases, a post can fail from buckling.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories Modulus of Elasticity – In an elastic material which has been subject to strain below its elastic limit, the ratio of the unit stress to the
Windows & Accessories corresponding unit strain.
Skylights Slenderness Ratio – Of a column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration.
2.8.1 TYPES OF WOOD POSTS/COLUMNS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts 2.8
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.8.2 WOOD POST-BEAM CONNECTIONS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts 2.8
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.9 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND
FLOOR FINISHES
2.9.1 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING
The wood floor framing system consists of the common floor joists, cross
bridging, solid bridging, and other members which provide support for the
flooring, as follows:
Wood Frame & Light RC Floor Joist – One of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced
2.0
Construction concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in
turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls; the widest dimension is
Systems vertically oriented.
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls Common Joist, Bridging Joist – A joist on which floor boards are laid;
CHB Wall Construction neither supports a joist nor is it supported by another joist.
Footing Binding Joist, binder – A beam which supports the common joists of a
Posts
Wood Floor Framing wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two vertical
2.9
System & Floor Finishes posts.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & Girder – A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber;
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Bridging – A brace, or a system of braces, placed between joists to stiffen
Windows & Accessories them, to hold them in place, and to help distribute the load.
Skylights
Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting – Diagonal
bracing, in pairs, between adjacent floor joists to prevent the joists from
twisting.
Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting – Short members

(boards) which are fixed vertically between floor joists to stiffen the joists.
Bridging Floor – A floor supported by common joists, without girders.

2.0
Construction
Principal Joist – a large joist that carries much of the floor load.
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Sleeper Joist – any joist resting directly on sleepers
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband – a horizontal member which is housed in
On Grade Construction the studs of balloon framing and carries joists.
Footing
Posts Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip – On a beam which carries joists flush with
Wood Floor Framing the upper edge of the beam (or girder), a strip of lumber which is nailed to
2.9
Wall Framing System & the side of the beam (along its bottom edge), forming a seat for the joists
Wall Finishes and helping to support them.
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing Sill – a horizontal timber, at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure,
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
which rests on the foundation.
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories Sleepers -1. One of a number of horizontal timbers that are laid on a concrete slab (or on the ground) and to which the flooring is
Skylights nailed. 2. Any long horizontal beam, at or near the ground, which distributes the load from posts or framing.
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.9
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.9.2 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING EXTENSIONS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.9
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.9.3 FLOOR JOISTS ON BEAMS/GIRDERS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.9
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.9
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.9.4 FLOOR FINISHES
A. Wood Flooring
Strip Flooring – Hardwood finish

flooring; narrow tongue-and-
Wood Frame & Light RC groove strips; commonly maple,
2.0
Construction mahogany, oak, etc.
Systems
Joints & Splicing Plank Flooring – Flooring made of long, wide, square-sawn thick piece
Timber Connectors of timber called planks; the specifications vary, but often the minimum
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction width is 8” (200 mm), and the minimum thickness is 2” to 4” (50 to 100
On Grade Construction mm) for softwood and 1” (25 mm) for hardwood.
Footing
Posts Parquet Flooring – Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric
Wood Floor Framing patterns.
2.9
Wall Finishes Parquet Tile Flooring – parquet units glued to paper to form tiles for
Ceiling Finishes flooring. The tiles are glued to the cement floor face down; when dry,
Wood Roof Framing paper is wet and stripped off the tile surface; sanded and primed to finish.
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.9
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
B. Cement Flooring and Cement Tile Flooring

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.9
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
C. Ceramic Tile & Vitrified Tile Flooring

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.9
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.10 PARTITION WALL FRAMING SYSTEM &
PARTITION WALL FINISHES
2.10.1 WOOD WALL FRAMING SYSTEM
A partition wall is a dividing wall within a building; may be bearing or non-load

bearing. Parts of the partition are:
2.0
Construction
Stud – an upright post or support, esp. one of a series of vertical structural
Systems
members which act as the supporting elements in a wall or partition.
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Partition cap, head, plate – the uppermost horizontal member of a partition;
CHB Wall Construction the top plate of a partition on which the joists rests.
Footing Soleplate – a horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud
Posts partition.
Wood Floor Framing
2.10 Cripple – a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a stud above a
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & door opening or below a window sill.
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.10
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.10
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.10
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2.10 Bay Window With a Top Plate and Exterior Walls Constructed in the
Header Extending Across the Shape of a Bay Window
Opening in the Plane of the Wall
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.10.1 WOOD WALL FINISHES
Wood Boards – Lumber less than 2” (5 cm) thick and between 4” (10 cm) to
12” (30 cm) in width, used as horizontal and vertical board siding. The
various cuts of wood boards used in finishing works are:
HORIZONTAL BOARD SIDINGBEVEL

SIDING
2.0
Construction

Systems
Clapboard, Bevel siding, Lap siding –
Joints & Splicing a wood siding commonly used as an
Timber Connectors exterior covering on a building of frame
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction construction; applied horizontally and
On Grade Construction overlapped, with the grain running BEVEL SIDING
Footing lengthwise; thicker along the lower edge
Posts than along the upper.
Wood Floor Framing
2.10
Wall Finishes
Dolly Varden siding – is bevel siding
Ceiling Finishes rabbeted along the lower edge to receive
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
the upper edge of the board below it. DOLLY VARDEN
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Shiplap siding – wood sheathing whose
edges are rabbeted to make an
overlapping joint. Examples are v-cut,
rustic, stone-cut, and corrugated sidings.
SHIPLAP SIDING
Rustic siding – also called “drop
siding” or “novelty siding”; an exterior
Construction
2.0 wall cladding of wooden boards (or strips
of other material such as aluminum or
Systems
vinyl), which are tongued and grooved or
Joints & Splicing rabbeted and overlapped so that the
Timber Connectors lower edge of each board interlocks with
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction a groove in the board immediately below DROP SIDING
On Grade Construction it.
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing VERTICAL BOARD SIDING
2.10
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
MATCHED BOARDS – boards that
Wood Roof Framing interlap or interlock and have flush, v-
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
sgroove, or beaded joints.
Doors & Accessories MATCHED SIDINGS
Skylights
T&G siding – “Tongue and
groove” boards, also called
“dressed and matched” boards
and are boards or lumber that
has been planed smooth; cut so
that a tongue along one edge fits T&G
into a groove cut along the edge

of the adjacent piece.
2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing V-cut siding – any saw cut or

Systems
Joints & Splicing cut in wood whose rabbeted
Timber Connectors joint is v-shaped. V-CUT
Masonry Walls
Footing
Corrugated siding – scalloped
Posts wood sheathing with the convex
Wood Floor Framing forms visible.
Wall Framing System & CORRUGATED
2.10
Wall Finishes SIDINGS
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
SQUARE-EDGE BOARDS - boards used with other boards and battens
to protect and enhance the vertical joints and form board-and-board or
board-and-batten patterns.
“Board and Batten” or “Batten” siding – narrow battens or wood

strips attached to the joints of T&G sheathing. Wood strips are
lumber less than 4” (10 cm) wide.
Wood Frame & Light RC “Batten and Board” – board emphasized, battens at back.
2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing Board and Board Siding or Stone-cut siding – visible equal sized
Systems
Joints & Splicing board and batten.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.10
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing BOARD SIDINGS BOARD BATTEN ON A BOARD AND BEAMS
System & Roofing BOARD
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
2.10
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
B. Wood Manufactured Boards – are panels made of wood but do not
appear in their natural state. Types of manufactured wood boards are:
Plywood – made of an odd number of veneer sheets glued together with

the grains running at right angles to each other. Use 16” (405 mm) stud
spacing for 10 mm plywood; 24” (610 mm) stud spacing for 12 mm
plywood. The different types of plywood are:

Construction
2.0 Soft Plywood – used for form lumber

Systems
Hardwood Plywood – used for paneling and finishing
Joints & Splicing work where usually one face is hard-finished.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction Marine Plywood or Exterior Grade Plywood – used
On Grade Construction for exterior use where waterproof glue is used.
Footing
Posts Hardboard and/or Plyboard – made from wood chips which are exploded
Wood Floor Framing
into fibers under a stream of high pressure. The lining in the wood itself
2.10
binds pressed wood together with no fillers or artificial adhesives applied.
Wall Finishes
Pressed wood is equally strong in all directions but very brittle. Its color
Ceiling Finishes varies from light to dark brown.
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Fiberboard – are finishing materials made from vegetable fibers such as
corn or sugarcane stalks pressed into sheets. It is not very strong, but has
good insulating properties therefore it is usually applied as a ceiling finish
only.
Gypsum Board – is a non-combustible building board with a gypsum core

enclosed in tough, smooth paper. It is designed to be used without addition
of plaster for walls, ceilings or partitions. It is extensively used in “dry wall”
2.0 construction, where plaster is eliminated. Brand names: BORAL,
Construction
ELEPHANT.
Systems
Joints & Splicing Fiber Cement Boards – Fiber-reinforced cement board is composed of
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 72% Portland cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers derived from
CHB Wall Construction recycled materials, and 8% calcium carbonate.
Footing Particle Board – is manufactured from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes,
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
strands, shaving, and slivers, bound together and pressed into sheets,
System & Floor Finishes molded and shaped. Particle boards have equal strength in all directions in
Wall Framing System & a given cross sectional area, are not brittle and can resist warping.
2.10
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories Dry Wall Construction, Dry Construction – The use of dry materials such as gypsum board, plywood, or wall board in
Skylights construction without the application of plaster or mortar.
2.11 WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM
2.11.1 WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM
A wood ceiling framing system consists of a framework of joists composed of

the ceiling joists, the binding joist or binder, the plate joist and the ceiling
strap.
Wood Frame & Light RC Ceiling joist - one of several small beams to
2.0
Construction
which the ceiling of a room is attached. They
Types of Wood Framing are mortised into the sides of the binding
Systems
Joints & Splicing joists, nailed to the underside of these joists, or
Timber Connectors suspended from them by straps.
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction CEILING JOIST
Concrete Piers on Isolated Binding joist or binder – a beam which supports the common joists of a
Footing wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two
Posts
Wood Floor Framing vertical posts.
Wall Finishes Plate joist - a horizontal board which connects and terminates the ceiling
Ceiling Framing System & joists. It provides the line and rigidity at the ends of the joists and
2.11
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing connects the suspended ceiling to the walls.
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Ceiling strap – a strip of wood, nailed to the underside of floor joists or
Windows & Accessories rafters, from which a ceiling is suspended or fastened.
Skylights
2.12 WOOD ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM AND ROOFING
2.12.1 ROOF TERMINOLOGY and TYPES OF ROOF
The term roof means the top covering of a building including all materials
and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on
uprights; provides protection from the weather. Some important roof terms
are:
2.0
Construction
Ridge – is the horizontal line of Dormers –are projecting structures
Types of Wood Framing intersection at the top between two built out from a sloping roof and
Systems housing a vertical window or
Joints & Splicing
sloping planes of a roof.
Timber Connectors ventilating louver.
Masonry Walls Hip – is the inclined projecting
On Grade Construction angle formed by the junction of two Rake – is the inclined usually
Concrete Piers on Isolated adjacent sloping sides of a roof. projecting edge of a sloping roof.
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Valley – is an intersection of two Shed – is a roof having a single
System & Floor Finishes slope
Wall Framing System & inclined roof surfaces toward which
Wall Finishes rainwater flows.
Ceiling Framing System & Eave – is the overhanging lower
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing Gable – is the triangular portion of edge of a roof.
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
wall enclosing the end of a piched
Doors & Accessories roof from ridge to eaves. Soffit – is the underside of an
Windows & Accessories overhanging roof eave.
Skylights
RIDGE
DORMERS
HIP
GABLE
RAKE
Wood Frame & Light RC SHED

2.0
Construction

Systems EAVE
Joints & Splicing

Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
VALLEY
Footing
Posts The major types of roofs are:
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System & Shed Roof, Lean-to Roof
Wall Finishes or Pent Roof – a roof shape
Ceiling Finishes having only one sloping
Wood Roof Framing plane.
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Gable Roof or Pitch Roof – a roof
having a single slope on each side
of a central ridge; usually with a
gable at one or both ends.
Hip Roof or Hip and Valley Roof – a

roof which slopes upward from all
four sides of a building, requiring a
hip rafter at each corner.
2.0
Construction
Pyramidal Roof – a hipped roof that
Systems usually has four to six sloping
Joints & Splicing surfaces, terminating in a peak.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction Pavilion Roof – a roof hipped equally
On Grade Construction on all sides, so as to have a
Footing pyramidal form; a pyramidal hipped
Posts roof.
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System & Gambrel Roof – a roof which has two
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & pitches on each side (U.S.); in Great
Ceiling Finishes Britain called a Mansard Roof.
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Sawtooth Roof - is a development of the shed roof made into
a series of lean-to roofs covering one building. This is
commonly used in factories where extra light is required
through the clerestories formed in the vertical portion of
Construction
2.0 the roof.

Systems
Butterfly Roof – is a two shed roof where the slopes meet at
Joints & Splicing the center of the building.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction Dome – is a hemispherical form of roof usually found in
On Grade Construction observatories.
Footing
Posts Conical Roof or Sphire – is a steep roof of circular section
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes that tapers uniformly from the circular base to a central
Wall Framing System & point.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.12.2 RAFTER FRAMING
A. Rafter Framing for Shed Roofs
Flat roofs are framed in a manner similar to floor joist framing.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
B. Rafter Framing for Gable Roofs
The main components of a gable rafter framing system are:

Common Rafters – the main rafters
which extend from a wall plate to a
ridge board or ridge beam and
support the sheathing and covering of RIDGE BOARD
a roof.
Wood Frame & Light RC COMMON RAFTERS
2.0
Construction
Collar Ties – unite two opposing COLLAR TIES

Systems
rafters at a point below the ridge,
Joints & Splicing usually in the upper third of the rafter
Timber Connectors length.
Masonry Walls
RIDGE BEAM
On Grade Construction Ridge Board – is a non-structural
Footing horizontal member to which the upper
Posts ends of the rafters are aligned and
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes fastened.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & Ridge Beam – is a structural
Ceiling Finishes horizontal member supporting the
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
2.12 upper ends of rafters at the ridge of a
Wood Stairs roof.
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
C. Rafter Framing for Hip Roofs
The main components of a hip rafter framing system are:
Hip Rafter – form the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof.
Jack Rafter – is any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope,
as one meeting a hip or a valley.
Hip Jack Rafter – is a jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip rafter.
Valley Jack – extend from a valley rafter to a ridge.
2.0 Valley Rafter – connect the ridge to the wall plate along a valley.
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.12.3 TRUSS FRAMING AND PARTS OF A TRUSS
A truss is a structure composed of a combination of members, usually in

some triangular arrangement so as to constitute a rigid framework.
The major parts of a truss are:
Chord – A principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the
other, primarily to resist bending; usually one of a pair of such
Construction
2.0 members. The two types of chord members are the upper or top chord
and the lower or bottom chord.
Systems
Joints & Splicing Web – In a truss, any member which joins the top and bottom chords.
Timber Connectors There are two types of web members: the vertical web members and
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction the diagonal web members.
Footing King post – A vertical member extending from the apex of the inclined
Posts rafters to the tie beam between the rafters at their lower ends. A joggle
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes post is a king post having shoulders or notches at its lower end to
Wall Framing System & support the feet of struts.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes Collar beam – A horizontal member which ties together (and stiffens) two
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
2.12 opposite common rafters, usually at a point about halfway up the
Wood Stairs rafters.
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Panel Length
Peak
Wood Frame & Light RC Truss Plate Continuous Lateral Brace

2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing Top Chord

Slope
Systems Heel Pitch
Joints & Splicing Web
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
On Grade Construction Bottom Chord Splice
Wedge Block
Bearing Point Panel Point
Footing
Posts Span (Out to Out of Bearings)
Wood Floor Framing Cantilever
Wall Framing System & Overhang Bottom Chord Length
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.12.4 TYPES OF TRUSSES
The main types of wood trusses are:
King-post truss – 1. A structural support for a roof formed

by two inclined rafters joined at the apex of their intersection;
a horizontal tie beam. 2. Connects the rafters near their
KING-POST
lower ends, and a vertical central member, called a king
post, which connects the apex with the midpoint of the tie
beam.
Wood Frame & Light RC Queen-post truss – A roof truss having two vertical posts
2.0
Construction
(queen post) between the rafters and the tie beam; the
Types of Wood Framing upper ends of the vertical posts are connected by a QUEEN-POST
Systems straining piece, such as a tie rod or cable.
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Howe truss – a truss having upper and lower horizontal
CHB Wall Construction members, between which are vertical and diagonal
On Grade Construction members; the vertical members of the web take tension;
Concrete Piers on Isolated and the diagonal members are under compression. HOWE TRUSS
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Fink truss, Belgian truss, French truss – a symmetrical
System & Floor Finishes truss, esp. used in supporting large sloping roofs; in the
form of three isosceles triangles – one in the center with
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & its base along the horizontal tie, and each of the outer two
Ceiling Finishes having its base along the sloping sides of an upper chord.
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Scissors truss – a type of truss used to support a pitched
Doors & Accessories roof; the ties cross each other and are connected to the
FINK TRUSS
Windows & Accessories opposite rafters at an intermediate point along their length.
Skylights
TYPES OF TRUSSES

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing 2.12
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.12.5 COMMON TYPES OF ROOF COVER
CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON ROOFING
Galvanized iron roofing may either be plain or corrugated. The thicknesses are
measured in terms of “gauge” from ga. 14 to ga. 30. Gauge 26 is the most
commonly used for roofing. The standard commercial size width is 0.80 m,
with length ranging from 1.50 m to 3.60 m.
Plain G.I. sheet commercial size is 0.90 m x 2.40 m. It is also used for roofing,
Wood Frame & Light RC gutters, flashing, ridge, hip and valley rolls, downspouts and straps for
2.0
Construction
riveting.
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing *MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer,
Wood Stairs Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction
Doors & Accessories

Skylights
B. METAL SEAM ROOFING (using plain
G.I. sheets)

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
C. BATTEN SEAM ROOFING (using plain G.I.
sheets)

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
D.CLAY / CEMENT TILE ROOFING
Tile roofing consists of clay or concrete units that overlap or interlock to

create a strong textural pattern. Like slate, roofing tiles are fire-resistant,
durable, and require little maintenance. They are also heavy and require
roof framing that is strong enough to carry the weight of the tiles.
Wood Frame & Light RC Roofing tiles are normally installed over a solid plywood deck with an
2.0
Construction underlayment of 30 lb. or 45 lb. roofing felt. Special tile units are used at
Types of Wood Framing ridges, hips, rakes and eaves.
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors KINDS OF ROOF CLAY TILES
Masonry Walls
Footing Plain Tile or Flat Tile - Plain tiles are always 265 x
Posts 165mm in overall size and require 60 tiles per
Wood Floor Framing
square meter. They are sometimes referred to as
Wall Framing System & "double lapped" or "double lap" tiles - a reference to
Wall Finishes
the fact that when they are laid on the roof, at all
Ceiling Finishes critical points there must be a double overlap (three
Wood Roof Framing layers of tile) to prevent the ingress of water. There
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs are two types of plain tiles as follows:
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Overlapping - tiles which overlap
the next tile in the same
course but which fit together
without interlocking bars
simply by overlapping
Interlocking - Tiles with fully

interlocking bars (side and
Wood Frame & Light RC head on the upper surface and
2.0
Construction the opposing 2 sides
beneath). Interlocking tiles
Systems are, like overlapping tiles,
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
sometimes referred to as
Masonry Walls "single lapped" or "single lap"
CHB Wall Construction tiles.
Footing
Posts B. Pantile - The shape most commonly associated with
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes historic clay roofing tiles is probably that of convex or
Wall Framing System & rounded tiles, often grouped together generically as "pan
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & tiles" or "pantiles."
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Spanish or S – tile – S-shape tiles where one interlocks
with the other
Barrel or Mission tile - Tiles where one halfcylinder overlaps

another inverted halfcylinder to form a cover and pan (cap
and trough) arrangement.
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
ROOF CLAY TILE CONSTRUCTION

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
2.12
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.13 WOOD STAIRS
2.13.1 LAYING OUT THE STAIRS
1. Choose the preferred riser height. The riser height is proportional to the
tread width in the order of the formula T + R = 45 cm (18 in); where T is
tread width and R is riser height. Preferred riser height is between 15 cm
(6”) to 18 cm (7”).
2.0
Construction
2. Determine the total rise of the stairwell in meters. Divide this number by
Systems
the preferred height of the riser. If the result is a fraction, convert to a
Joints & Splicing whole number to give you the exact number of steps.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction 3. Divide the total stair rise with the number of steps. This will give you the
On Grade Construction actual dimension of the step rise, in whole number or in fraction.
Footing
Posts 4. Determine the tread width by subtracting the step rise from 45 cm. If a
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes fraction, convert to a whole number.
Wall Finishes
5. Multiply the number of steps with the tread width in order to get the total
Ceiling Finishes stairway run. Check whether this will fit the dimensions in plan.
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13 Riser – The vertical face of a stair step.
Tread –The horizontal surface of a stair step; often has a rounded edge that extends beyond the upright face of the riser below
Doors & Accessories it.
Windows & Accessories Rise - The height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
Skylights Run -In stairways , the horizontal distance covered by a flight of steps.
2.13.2 PARTS OF THE STAIRS
Header – a short transverse joist that support the end of the cut-off joist at a
stairwell hole.
Trimmer – is a supporting joist which carries an end portion of a header.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
String, Stringer – In a stair, and inclined board which supports the end of
the steps.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
TYPES OF STRINGER ACCORDING TO
CONSTRUCTION
1.Cut
2.Rabbeted
3.Cleated
4.Built-up
TYPES OF STRINGER ACCORDING TO

Construction
2.0 DESIGN
• Closed Stringer
Systems • Face
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction 4.Baluster, Banister – 1. One of a number
Concrete Piers on Isolated of short vertical members, often circular
Footing in section, used to support a stair
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
handrail or a coping. 2. (Plural)
System & Floor Finishes balustrade
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & 5.Balustrade – an entire railing system (as
Ceiling Finishes along the edge of a balcony) including a
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing top rail and its baluster, and sometimes
Wood Stairs 2.13 a bottom rail. BALLUSTRADE
Doors & Accessories

Skylights
6. Newel-post – a tall and more or less
ornamental post at the head or foot of a
stair, supporting the handrail.
RAIL
7. Rail – a bar of wood or other material

passing from one post or other support
to another; a hand support along a
stairway.
NEWEL POST

Construction
2.0 8. Bull-nosed step – a step, usually lowest
in a flight, having one or both end
Systems
rounded to a semicircle and projecting
Joints & Splicing beyond the face of the stair string or
Timber Connectors strings. The semicircular projection
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction extends beyond and around the newel
On Grade Construction post.
Footing
Posts 9. Nosing, Nose – the prominent, usually
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes rounded, horizontal edge which extends
Wall Framing System & beyond an upright face below; as the
Wall Finishes
projection of a tread beyond a riser.
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing 10. Nosing Strip – In stair construction, a
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13 molding which has the same profile as
Doors & Accessories the nosing on the stair treads.
Skylights
2.14 DOORS AND ACCESSORIES
2.14.1 DOOR OPERATION
Swinging Doors - For exterior and interior use. Normally turns on hinges
about a side jamb when pushed or pulled, but may also be pivoted from
head jamb and threshold
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing Bypass Sliding Doors - For exterior and interior use. Slides on overhead
Posts track and long guides or a track on the floor.
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories 2.14
Skylights
Surface Sliding Doors - For exterior and interior use. Surface-
hung on an exposed overhead track that provides access through
full width of doorway

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing Pocket Sliding Doors - For interior use only. Slides on an overhead
Timber Connectors track into and out of a recess within the width of a wall
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
Folding Doors - For interior
use only. Hinged door panels
fold flat against one another
when opened, used to
subdivide interior spaces

2.0
Construction 2.14.2 WOOD FLUSH DOORS
Systems
Joints & Splicing
1. Wood Flush Door Designs – Wood Flush Doors are doors
Timber Connectors with no visible seams on both faces. The available designs are:
Masonry Walls
On Grade Construction • Flush door
Concrete Piers on Isolated • Flush door with glass inserts
Footing
Posts • Flush door with louvered inserts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
2. Wood Flush Door Construction
• Hollow Core Flush Doors – have a

framework of stiles and rails encasing
an expanded honeycomb core of
corrugated fiberboard or a grid of
interlocking horizontal and vertical
wood strips. They are lightweight,
intended generally for interiors, and
Wood Frame & Light RC have little inherent thermal or acoustic
2.0
Construction
insulation value.
Systems
Joints & Splicing • Solid Core Flush Doors – have a
Timber Connectors core of bonded lumber blocks,
Masonry Walls
particleboard, or a mineral
On Grade Construction composition. The bonded lumber core
Footing
is the most economical and widely
Posts used. The mineral composition core is
Wood Floor Framing lightest but has low-screw-holding
Wall Framing System & strength and cutouts are difficult. Solid
Wall Finishes core doors are used primarily as
Ceiling Finishes exterior doors, but they may also be
Wood Roof Framing used wherever increased fire
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs resistance, sound insulation, or
Doors & Accessories 2.14 dimensional stability is desired.
Skylights
• Wood Framed Flush
Doors – have a frame
of rail and stile lumber
covered with veneer of
manufactured boards.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
2.14.3 WOOD PANEL (Rail & Stile) DOORS
Footing
Posts 1.Wood Panel (Rail and Stile) Door Designs – Wood rail-and-stile
Wood Floor Framing Doors consist of a framework of vertical stiles and horizontal rails
that hold solid wood or plywood panels, glass lights, or louvers in
Wall Finishes place. The stiles and rails may be solid softwood or veneered
Ceiling Finishes
hardwood. The available designs are:
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
•Panel door
•Panel door with sash
•Louvered panel door
•French door
•French door with divided lights

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
2. Wood Panel Door Construction

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
3. Batten Doors – consist of
vertical board sheathing nailed at
right angles to cross strips or
ledgers. Diagonal bracing is
nailed between and notched into
the ledgers.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.14.4 SLIDING DOORS – may be bypass, surface or pocket sliding
2.0
Construction doors. Panels may be of wood, metal or polystyrene and have flush,
Types of Wood Framing panel or louver designs.
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
2.14.5 HOLLOW STEEL DOORS AND STEEL DOOR
FRAMES
1.Steel Door Designs –
• Flush door
• Glass door
• Flush door
• Vision door
Construction
2.0 • Narrow light door
• Full-louvered door
Systems • Vision/louvered door
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
2. Steel Door Finishes
• Primed or galvanized for painting

• Baked enamel paint
• Vinyl clad
• Stainless steel or aluminum skinned are available in
polished or textured finish

Construction
2.0 3. Steel Door Construction – Hollow metal doors have face
sheets of 16 to 22 gauge steel bonded to a steel channel
Types of Wood Framing frame and reinforced with channels, a kraft honeycomb
Systems
Joints & Splicing structure, or a rigid plastic-foam core.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction 4. Steel Fire Doors – Fire door assemblies, consisting of a
On Grade Construction fire-resistant door, doorframe, and hardware, re required to
Footing protect openings in fire-rated walls.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
• Maximum door size – 4’ x 10’ (1220 mm x 3050 mm)
Wall Framing System & • Door frame and hardware must have a fire-resistance rating
Wall Finishes
similar to that of the door.
Ceiling Finishes • Door must be self-latching and be equipped with closers.
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Accessories Kraft Paper – A heavy, high-strength paper, sized with resin, usually brown in color; used as a building paper.
Skylights
UL Label Rating Glazing Permitted 6mm (1/4”) wired
glass
A 3 hours No glass permitted

Wood Frame & Light RC B 1-1/2 hour 100 sq. in. (0.06 sqm.) per leaf
2.0
Construction

Systems C ¾ hour 1,296 sq. in. (0.84 sqm.) per leaf:
Joints & Splicing 54” (1,370 mm) max. dimension
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls D 1-1/2 hour No glass permitted
Footing E ¾ hour 720 sq. in. (0.46 sqm.) per light:
Posts 54” (1,370 mm) max. dimension
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
4. Steel Louver Door Details

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
5. Steel Door Frames
KINDS OF STEEL FRAMES
Standard Double Rabbet Frame

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
Single Rabbet Frame

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
TYPES OF STEEL FRAME INSTALLATION
Wrap-Around Installation

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
Butt-Frame Installation

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
2.14.6 ALUMINUM GLASS DOORS –
Glass Entrance Doors

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
2. Storefronts – are coordinated systems of extruded aluminum
frames, glass panels, glass entrance doors, and hardware fittings.
The size and spacing of the mullions are determined by the glass
strength and thickness and the wind load on the wall plane. The
deflection normal to the wall plane should be limited to 1/200 of each
component’s clear span; the deflection of glass supports should be
limited to 1/300of the support distance.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Mullion – A vertical member separating (and often supporting) windows, doors, or panels set in series. A door mullion is the
Windows & Accessories center vertical member of a double-door opening set between two single active leaves; usually forms the strike side of
Skylights each leaf; may be removable.
Revolving Doors – consist of three or four leaves that rotate about a
central, vertical pivot within a cylindrically shaped vestibule. Used
typically as entrance doors in large commercial and institutional
buildings, revolving doors provide a continuous weather seal, eliminate
drafts, and hold cooling losses to a minimum while accommodating
traffic up to 2,000 persons per hour.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
2.14.7 OVERHEAD AND COILING DOORS
1. Overhead Doors – are constructed of one or several leaves of wood,

steel, aluminum, or fiberglass and open by swinging or rolling up to a
position above the door opening. The door may be operated manually, or
by a chain hoist or electric motor.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
2. Coiling Doors – Coiling or rolling doors consist of horizontal, interlocking
metal slats guided by a track on either side and open by coiling about an
overhead drum at the head of the door opening. The door may be operated by
a chain hoist or electric motor.
Both overhead and coiling doors are available with vision panels, thermal
insulation, and other options.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
ALUMINUM ROLL-UP DOOR

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
3. Overhead and Coiling Door Designs
On Grade Construction •Wood or aluminum panel doors
Concrete Piers on Isolated •Wood or steel flush doors
Footing •Steel or fiberglass ribbed doors
Posts
Wood Floor Framing •Steel of aluminum slatted sections
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
2.14.8 DOOR HARDWARE
Finish Door Hardware – include the following items:
• Locksets incorporating locks, latches, and bolts, a cylinder and

stop works, and operating trim
• Hinges
Wood Frame & Light RC • Closers
2.0
Construction • Panic hardware
• Push and pull bars, and plates
Systems • Kick plates
Joints & Splicing • Door stops, holders and bumpers
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls • Thresholds
CHB Wall Construction • Weather stripping
Concrete Piers on Isolated • Door tracks and guides
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Hardware is selected according to the following factors:
Wall Finishes • Function and ease of operation
Ceiling Framing System & • Recessed or surface-mounted installation
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
• Material, finish, texture and color
System & Roofing • Durability in terms of anticipated frequency of use and possible
Wood Stairs exposure to weather or corrosive conditions.
Skylights
Door Hardware Locations

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Skylights
Hardware Finishes
BHMA Code US No. Finish

600 USP Steel primed for painting
603 US2G Zinc plated steel
605 US3 Bright brass, steel coated
606 US4 Satin brass, clear coated
611 US9 Bright bronze, clear coated
2.0 612 US10 Satin bronze, clear coated
Construction
613 US10B Oxidized satin bronze, oil rubbed
618 US14 Bright nickel plated, clear coated brass
Systems
Joints & Splicing 619 US15 Satin nickel plated, clear coated brass
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 622 US19 Flat black coated brass or bronze
CHB Wall Construction 623 US20 Light oxidized bright bronze
Concrete Piers on Isolated 624 US20A Dark oxidized statuary bronze
Footing 625 US26 Bright chromium plated brass or bronze
Posts
Wood Floor Framing 626 US26D Satin chromium plated brass or bronze
System & Floor Finishes 628 US28 Satin aluminum, clear anodized
Wall Finishes 629 US32 Bright stainless steel
630 US32D Satin stainless steel
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing 684 --- Black chrome, bright brass or bronze
System & Roofing
685 --- Black chrome, satin brass or bronze
Wood Stairs
Skylights
Door Hand Conventions – are used in specifying door hardware
such as locksets and closers. The terms right and left assume a view
from the exterior of the building or room to which the doorway leads.
Left hand (LH) – Door opens

inwards to the left; hinges on
left.
2.0
Construction
Types of Wood Framing Right hand (RH) – Door

Systems
Joints & Splicing opens inwards to the right;
Timber Connectors hinges on right.
Masonry Walls
Footing Left hand reverse (LHR) –
Posts Door opens outward to the
Wood Floor Framing
left; hinges on left.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes Right hand reverse (RHR) –
Wood Roof Framing Door opens outward to the
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs right; hinges on right.
Skylights
2.15 WINDOWS AND ACCESSORIES
2.15.1 WINDOW ELEMENTS
Window Frame
Wood Frame & Light RC • Window Frame – the fixed, non-operable border of a window
2.0
Construction designed to receive and hold the sash or casement and all
Types of Wood Framing necessary hardware.
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors • Head – the uppermost horizontal member of a window frame.
Masonry Walls
On Grade Construction • Jamb – is either of the two side members of a window
Concrete Piers on Isolated frame.
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing • Sill – is the horizontal member beneath a door or window
System & Floor Finishes opening, having an upper surface sloped to shed rainwater.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & • Sub sill – is an additional sill fitted to a window frame to
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing cause rainwater to drip farther away from a wall surface.
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories 2.15 Sash – Any framework of a window; may be movable or fixed; may slide in a vertical plane (as in a double-hung window) or
Skylights may be pivoted (as in a casement window); a pivoted sash also is called a ventilator.
WINDOW FRAME ROUGH OPENING
CASING TRIM
HEAD
Wood Frame & Light RC JAMB

2.0
Construction

Systems
SILL
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors SUBSILL
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
SASH AND GLAZING
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories 2.15
Skylights
HEAD AND JAMB CASING
WINDOWSILL
Casing Trim – refers to the
finishing trim work around a window
opening, consisting of head and
jamb casings, window sills and
APRON
aprons.
2.0
Construction

Head and Jamb Casing – conceals and finishes the joint or
Systems gap between door and window frames and the surrounding
Joints & Splicing wall surface.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction Windowsill – refers to the horizontal ledge formed by the
Concrete Piers on Isolated stool at the base of the window opening. The sill may be cut to
Footing fit between the jambs of a window or door opening or extend
Posts
Wood Floor Framing beyond the jamb casings.
Wall Finishes
Apron – is a flat piece of trim immediately beneath the stool of
Ceiling Framing System & a window sill.
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Windows & Accessories 2.15 Stool – 1. The flat piece upon which a window shuts down, corresponding to the sill of a door. 2. A narrow shelf fitted across the lower part
of the inside of a window opening; butts against the sill.
Skylights
Architrave – refers to the casing that surrounds a window or
doorway, especially when it is continuous with the same profile.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Plinth Block – is used to terminate a jamb casing above the floor.
Footing
Posts PLINTH BLOCK
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2. Sash and Glazing
Sash – refers to the fixed or movable

framework of a window in which
panes of glass are set.
Pane – is one of the divisions of a

window, consisting of a single
unit of glass set in a frame.
2.0
Construction
Glazing – refers to the panes or
Types of Wood Framing sheets of glass set in the sashes
Systems of a window.
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls Rails – are the horizontal members TOP RAILS
CHB Wall Construction framing a window sash.

MUNTINS
Muntins – are the vertical members
Footing
Posts holding the edges of STILES
Wood Floor Framing windowpanes within a sash.

System & Floor Finishes BOTTOM RAIL
Wall Finishes
Stiles – are the upright members MULLIONS
Ceiling Framing System & framing a window sash or
Ceiling Finishes paneled door.
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs Mullion – is a vertical member
Doors & Accessories separating a series of windows
Windows & Accessories 2.15 or doorways.
Skylights
2.15.2 WINDOW OPERATION
1. Fixed Window - 0% ventilating; consists

of a frame and stationary sash.
2. Casement Window - 100% ventilating;

has operating sashes that are hinged,
swinging outward.
2.0
Construction
3. Awning and Hopper Window - 100%
Systems ventilating; has operating sashes that
Joints & Splicing swing outward on hinges attached to the
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls top of the frame.
4. Sliding Windows - 50% ventilating; Has 2
Footing or more sashes, of which at least 1 slides
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
along a track.
Wall Framing System & 5. Double-Hung Window - 50% ventilating;
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & has 2 vertically sliding sashes, each in
Ceiling Finishes separate tracks, closing different parts of
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing the window.
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
6. Jalousie Windows - 100%
ventilating; has horizontal glass or
wood louvers that pivot
simultaneously in a common frame.
7. Pivoting Windows - 100%

ventilating; has sashes that rotate
Construction
2.0 90° or 180° about a vertical or
horizontal axis at or near the centers
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls 2.15.3 STEEL WINDOWS
Steel window frame and sash sections (Zee bars) are manufactured
Footing from hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel. Because steel is stronger than
Posts aluminum, steel sections are more rigid and thinner in profile than
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes aluminum sections, offer narrower sightlines, and allow larger lights to be
Wall Framing System & installed in a given rough or masonry opening.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Steel Casement Window

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.15.4 ALUMINUM WINDOWS
Aluminum window frames are relatively low in cost, lightweight, and
corrosion resistant.
Aluminum frames may have anodized, baked enamel, or
fluoropolymer resin finishes.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Aluminum Framed Window

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.15.5 WOOD WINDOWS
Wood frames are thicker than aluminum or steel frames; kiln-dried, straight-
grain wood, factory-treated with a water-repellant preservative. The wood
may be stained, painted, or primed for painting on site.

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
2.15.6 GLAZING SYSTEMS
1. Face Glazing – the setting of small glass panes set in a rabetted

frame, held in place with glazier’s points, and sealed with a beveled
bead of putty or glazing compound.
Glazier’s point – are metal points that hold a glass pane in a sash until the
Wood Frame & Light RC face putty has hardened.
2.0
Construction Putty – is a compound of whiting and linseed oil, of dough like consistency
when fresh, used in securing windowpanes or patching woodwork defects.
Systems Face putty – is the putty or glazing compound formed on the exterior side of a
Joints & Splicing glass pane.
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Glazing compound – is an adhesive compound used as putty, formulated so
CHB Wall Construction as not to become brittle with age.
Concrete Piers on Isolated FACE PUTTY
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes METAL GLAZIER’S POINT
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing BEDDING OF PUTTY or GLAZING
COMPOUND
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights Glazing – 1. Setting glass in an opening. 2. The glass surface of a glazed opening.
2. Wet Glazing – is the setting of glass in a window frame with glazing
tape or a liquid sealant. Lights more than 6 sqft. (0.56 sq.m.) in area,
must be wet- or dry-glazed.
Glazing tape – is a preformed ribbon of synthetic rubber, such as butyl or
polyisobutylene, having adhesive properties and used in glazing to form a
watertight seal between glass and frame.
Cap bead or sealant – is an adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected into the
Wood Frame & Light RC joint between a glass pane or unit and a window frame, curing to form a watertight
2.0
Construction
seal.
Systems Glazing bead or stop – is the wood molding or metal section secured against the
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors edge of a glass pane or unit to hold it in place. CAP BEAD or SEALANT
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction Heel bead – is an adhesive liquid
of synthetic rubber injected
Footing between a glass pane or unit and a
Posts glazing bead, curing to form an GLAZING BEAD
Wood Floor Framing
airtight seal.
Wall Framing System & GLAZING TAPE
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & HEEL BEAD
Ceiling Finishes
SETTING BLOCK
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs WEEP HOLE
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
3.Dry Glazing – is the setting of glass in a window frame with a compression
gasket instead of glazing tape or a liquid sealant.
Compression gasket – a preformed strip of synthetic rubber or plastic

compressed between a glass pane or unit and a window frame to form a
watertight seal and cushion for the glass.

2.0
Construction
COMPRESSION
Types of Wood Framing GASKETS
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & WEEP HOLE
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
4. Structural Gasket Glazing – Structural gaskets are preformed of
synthetic rubber or other elastomeric material to secure a glass pane
or unit in a window frame or opening. The gaskets are held in
compression by forcing a keyed locking strip into a groove in the
gasket. They require smooth contact surfaces and a frame or
opening with exacting dimensional tolerances and true plane
alignment. The glass must be supported on at least two sides by the
frame or a supported gasket.
2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
5. Glass Setting Tolerances – Glazing systems should allow glass
units to float in its opening and be cushioned with a resilient glazing
material. The perimeter frame, however, must support the glass against
wind pressure or suction, and be strong enough that structural
movements and thermal stresses are not transferred to the glass.
Glass size – is the size of a glass pane or unit required for glazing an opening, allowing for
adequate edge clearances.
United inches – is the sum of one length and one width of a rectangular glass pane or unit
Wood Frame & Light RC measured in inches.
2.0
Construction

Edge blocks – of synthetic rubber; they are placed between the side edges of a glass
Systems pane or unit and a frame to center it, maintain a uniform width of sealant, and limit lateral
Joints & Splicing movement caused by building vibrations or thermal expansion or contraction: 4” (100 mm)
Timber Connectors minimum length.
Masonry Walls
CHB Wall Construction Setting blocks – of lead or synthetic EDGE BLOCKS
Concrete Piers on Isolated rubber; they are placed under the lower
Footing edge of a glass pane or unit to support it
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
within a frame; two per panel at quarter GLASS SIZE
System & Floor Finishes points. Setting blocks should be as wide SETTING BLOCKS
Wall Framing System & as glass thickness and 0.1” per square
Wall Finishes
foot (25 mm per 0.09 sqm) of glass area
Ceiling Finishes in length; 4” (100 mm) minimum.
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights
Face clearance (A) – is the distance
between the face of a glass pane or unit FACE CLEARANCE
and the nearest face of its frame or stop,

measured normal to the plane of the
glass.
Bite (B) – is the amount of overlap

between the edge of a glass pane or BITE
unit and a window frame, stop, or lock-

strip gasket.
EDGE CLEARANCE
2.0
Construction

Edge clearance (C) – is the distance
Systems between the edge of a glass pane or
Joints & Splicing unit and a window frame, measured in
Timber Connectors the plane of the
Masonry Walls
On Grade Construction Glass Type A B C
Sheet Glass SS 1/16” (2) ¼” (6) 1/8” (3)
Footing
Posts DS 1/8” (3) ¼” (6) 1/8” (3)
Wood Floor Framing
Plate Glass ¼” (6) 1/8” (3) 3/8” (10) ¼” (6)
Wall Framing System & 3/8” (10) 3/16” (5) 7/16” (11) 5/16” (8)
Wall Finishes ½” (13) ¼” (6) 7/16” (11) 3/8” (10)
Ceiling Finishes Insulating Glass ½” (13) 1/8” (3) ½” (13) 1/8” (3)
Wood Roof Framing 5/8” (16) 1/8” (3) ½” (13) 1/8” (3)
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs ¾” (20) 3/16” (5) ½” (13) ¼” (6)
Doors & Accessories 1” (25) 3/16” (5) ½” (13) ¼” (6)
Skylights
2.16 SKYLIGHTS
Skylights are horizontal glazed openings in a roof to allow daylight to

enter an interior space from above. Glazing may be of acrylic or
polycarbonate plastic or of wired, laminated, heat-strengthened, or fully
tempered glass.

2.0
Construction Skylight Requirements:
Systems •Maximum area is limited by Building Code requirements.
Joints & Splicing •The minimum slope for flat or corrugated plastic skylights is 4:12. Plastic
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls domes should rise at least 10% of the span or at least 5” (125 mm).
CHB Wall Construction •When glass is used, wire screening is required to be installed below the
Concrete Piers on Isolated glazing to prevent the glass, if broken, from falling and injuring building
Footing occupants below.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing •The frames for skylights and sloped glazing systems should incorporate
System & Floor Finishes an internal guttering system to collect and drain infiltrating water and
Wall Finishes condensation through weep holes to the exterior.
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights 2.16
2.16.1 SKYLIGHT FORMS

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights 2.16
2.16.2 SKYLIGHT DETAIL

2.0
Construction

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Masonry Walls
Footing
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Accessories
Skylights 2.16
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
2
END

Building Constructi ON II: Wood Frame and Light RC Construction

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BUILDING

1. Light Wood Framing

Girts are framed into the corner posts at the

2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is used

Types of Wood Framing CHAMFER

Wood Frame & Light RC Stub Tenon

Types of Wood Framing BLIND OPEN Through

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Wood Frame & Light RC

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in such

A. Splices for Compression

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing B. Splices for Tension

1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing 1. Split Rings. These are made in

Types of Wood Framing

Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Unreinforced masonry walls, also called plain masonry walls,

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing SOLID MASONRY CAVITY WALLS MASONRY

Types of Wood Framing

Mortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both,

TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO MATERIAL

Types of Wood Framing

1. Type M mortar is a high strength mortar recommended for

Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Type S mortar is a medium-high-strength mortar

2.5.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

The wall footing or strip

a) Hook or hooked bar – a steel reinforcing bar, for use in reinforced

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

CHB partition walls are ideally

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

2.7.1 WOOD POSTS ON CONCRETE PIERS

Wood posts are anchor strapped to and supported by reinforced