FORENSIC QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

EXAMINATION

JOEL ACADEMIA ATCHUELA

Registered Criminologist
Registered Nurse
MAN (eu)
 It is an original piece of written or printed
matter conveying authoritative information or
evidence

 It is any material which contains marks, signs,

or symbols which are visible, partially visible
or invisible that may presently or ultimately
convey a meaning or message to someone

2
 A questioned document is any document which
some issue has been raised or placed under
scrutiny

 It is a document that has been questioned in whole

or in part with respect to its authenticity, identity,
origin or its relation among its parts and to other
things

 A document becomes a questioned document

when it is being questioned as to its originality,
authenticity, authorship, source and when placed
under scrutiny

3
 Questioned Document Examination has been a
profession since 1870, and is frequently done in
cases of forgery, counterfeiting, mail, fraud,
kidnapping, embezzlement, gambling,
organized crime, white collar crime, art crime,
theft, robbery, arson, burglary, homicide, serial
murder, and deviant sex crime

4
 In Webster dictionary, signature is
defined as ones name written by
himself on a document as a sign of
acknowledgement

5
1. Documents with questioned signatures
- this groups includes any papers
containing signature that is under
suspicion, the document whose
signature is disputed in its authenticity
maybe a check, note, receipt, draft,
contract, will and any commercial, legal,
military or personal papers
6
2. Documents containing alleged fraudulent
alteration
- this groups includes all papers which
are alleged to contain some changes
made fraudulently by erasure, addition,
interlineations or substitution.

- fraudulent alterations maybe revealed

by analyzing the order or the sequence of
the writing as shown by crossed lines,
the identity of the ink, the continuity of
writing and the ruling.

7
3. Holograph Document Questioned or
Disputed
- this class of suspected papers comprises
those in which the writing of an entire
written document is questioned.

- these complete documents, if fraudulent

are usually vulnerable in many possible
particulars and should be subjected to the
most searching scrutiny of the paper,
watermarks, ink, pens, style or system of
writing, continuity of writing, slant,
spacing, and shading of writing.

8
4. Documents attacked on the questioned of their
date and age
- this class of questioned documents
includes those in which the age of an
instrument or the age of some of its parts are
investigated

- it also refers to documents in which the

comparative age of parts may have some
bearing on the question of its genuineness

9
5. Documents Attacked on the Questioned of
Materials Used in Their Production

- any analysis of documents may show that

pieces of paper used were manufactured many
years after the date written on it.

- the materials used in the production of the

paper used are subjected to analysis to prove
whether or not the date written on the papers
matches the materials used in producing the
paper.

10
6. Documents That Identify the Handwriting

- in this group are a great variety of

questioned documents.

- this group includes all documents, paper

writings or instruments which by their
handwriting and contents tend to identify the
writer.

- the most common documents of this class

are all kinds of anonymous and disputed
letters

11
7. Genuine Documents Erroneously or
Fraudulently Attacked

- this class of disputed papers are questioned

regarding handwriting or penmanship,
whether a certain writing is genuine or forged.

8. Documents to Identify Typewriting

- papers containing typewriting may be
examined to ascertain the typewriter used in
writing the document. This case also involves
determining the number of typewriter used
and the possible fraudulent changes.

12
1. Mechanical erasures
- alteration that produce an abrasion on the
paper

The following condition will show plainly that an

erasure was made:

a. the ink line is wider

b. the ink line tends to run or to fader out
sideways
c. the ink shows through the back side of paper
13
2. Chemical erasure
- chemical eradicators do not remove the
writing, but merely bleach out the colon, thus,
chemically erase writing may be reproduce by
the use of ultraviolet light or use of infrared
photography.

3. Additions
- in this type of case, new pages of writing,
typewriting or printing may be inserted.
- perhaps only a few lines are added to alter
the original meaning of the document.

14
4. Interlineations
- the writing between the lines of an
instrument for the purpose of adding a part to
it or correcting what has been written.

5. Substitution
- it is another kind of fraudulent alteration
that is committed when an entire page has been
remove from an instrument and has been
replaced by another piece containing matters
different from those of the remove page.
- a substitution does not contain any
signature or seal

15
6. Cancellation and Obliteration
- an alteration by cancellation is occasionally
found in a document of importance such as
will, dead, or contract to eliminate a word,
name or sentence without the necessity of
rewriting the matter.

- using the same written instrument, the

writer draws lines in the form of latticework,
or vertical or horizontal lines through the
writing to effect cancellation.

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DEVELOPMENT
OF
HANDWRITING

17
 Handwriting
- the act of writing using a pen, pencil or
other writing instruments.
- it may also refer to a persons particular
style of learning

 Graphology
- the science that deals with the study of
handwriting particularly its characteristics.

18
 The evidence of the writer himself

 A witness who actually saw the paper or the

signature being written

 A witness who has a knowledge of the persons

writing, by having seen him write on other
occasions

19
 Witness who saw in the ordinary courses of
business documents presumably written or
signed by the person.

 Comparison of the disputed writing with any

writing proved to be genuine, made by
witnesses acquainted with the handwriting or
by skilled witnesses (handwriting experts)

20
 Albert S. Osborn
- he was an examiner of questioned
document in New York on 1887 and author
of “Questioned Document”, “The Mind of
the Juror,” and “Questioned Document
Problems”

21
 B.J Vreeland Haring and J. Howard Haring
- the father and son Haring of New York
were the world famous handwriting experts
who testified on the Charles A. Lindberg Jr.
kidnapping case.

- these experts conclusively demonstrated

Hauptmannns authorship by a vivid
photographic illustrations of his handwriting
individualities as they appeared in the kidnap
letters and in Hauptmann exemplars

22
 J. Newton Baker, LI.M of the Washington
- he was a consultative expert in disputed
documents, and in 1955 he authored the
book, Law of Disputed and forged
documents”

- he has incorporated the legal and scientific

features of the subject which have
developed in the evidence as related trial
procedure

- he has combined the scientific and legal

elements, which enter into this field of
evidence in a skillful manner.

23
 James Conway
- examiner of Questioned Documents, San
Francisco, California postal Inspector in-
charge San Francisco Identification
Laboratory U.S Postal Inspection Service

- he authored “ Evidential Documents”

which was publish in Springfield, Illinois,
U.S.A in 1959.

24
 Hans Schneickert
- a Doctor of Law and Director of the
identification Bureau of the Police Department
of Berlin until 1928.

- instructor of Criminology at the University

of Berlin on 1920

- he was a well- known handwriting expert

25
 Dr. Wilson R. Harrison
- director of the British Government’s Office
Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory and
honorary member of the American Society of
Questioned Document Examiners.

- among the subjects Dr. W.R Harrison

discussed were: deciphering of erasures, the
chemical analysis of ink, the identification of
fingerprints, discovering of invisible writing,
the establishment of the age of ball point pen
documents, the tracing of anonymous letters
and the authorship of typewritten matter
26
CHARACTERISTICS
UNDERLYING
HANDWRTING

27
 The natural and subconscious handwriting
characteristics developed by the individual are
a product of both the movements of the hand,
which writes and the mind which directs the
writing.

28
 Refer to the significant peculiarities
found in the writing as expressed by
the style, movement, pressure,
direction, angle, curve and any other
minor features of the writing habit
of the individual.

29
1. Recognition

2. Correct interpretation

3. Complete comparison of the elements

4. Complete comparison of the characteristics

5. Complete comparison of the qualities of

handwriting
30
Element
- refers more to the separate physical parts of a
thing
- is also an appropriate description term, which
is preferable to quality in some connections.

Quality
- more general term than the word element
- refers to an extended or pervasive data

31
I. Form
- it is a shape of the individual letters
- every letter is distinguishable because it has a
different form made up of a different
constituent
a. Analysis of form
steps:
1. to dissect normal forms of individual
letters into their components and to describe
and name each salient feature practical.

32
 2. to analyze the usual and unusual
deviations from the normal forms

33
 2

5
3 4
34
b. “Normal form” and “Deviates “

Normal form
– means the more or less perfectly executed letter
- these are known as “norm”

Deviates
- any variance from the standards which may
only be slight or quite pronounced

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c. Ovals in form
- ovals have variety of form in
different writing, same being more
round than oval and others much
narrower than the normal . They
maybe close or open. The beginning
of the stroke forming the oval
maybe above or below the end, or
they may intersect.
-

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ROUND OVAL

37
NARROW AND ELONGATED OVAL
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OPEN OVAL
39
EYELET AT BEGINNING AND END OF OVAL
40
d. Foot in forms
- foot is the part of a down stroke which results on the
base line or near it and the “toe” or “terminal” is the
end of the final stroke.
- When the terminal stroke is connected with the
following letter, it is then known as a “link” or
“connecting stroke”

3 2

4 3

1 5

41
42
e. Tick in forms
- “tick” is a short section of a straight stroke
usually located at the beginning or ending of a
stroke.
- it is usually ornamental only and is seldom
essential to eligibility.

2 43
 2

1
44
f. Junction and forms
- “Junction” – means the meeting of two lines ,
which do not cross. When the lines cross each
other, it is known as an “intersection”

1 4

6
2
3 5
45
 2
3

1 6

46
g. Similarities of form
- similarities of form are not indicative of
identity unless they concern unusual
form or deviation from the normal.
Similarities are found to occur in
different writings, but such similarities
exist only in letters which are normal in
form. These deviation, which are found
to be habitual are given the greatest
weight. The pattern of letters has three
dimensions: width, depth, and height.

47
h. Initial or approach on form
- the initial or approach stroke is
found to be individual. The direction
of the motion, the relative position of
the beginning and its height above
the writing line serve to characterize
and individual handwriting.

48
 The habit of writing may be defined as a
tendency or inclination to do a thing in a
certain manner which is acquired by doing it
frequently.

 A single act will not constitute a habit, as such

would be only an occurrence in making a letter
or word with the pen or pencil.

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 Extensor muscle
- muscles involved in the upward movement of
fingers and these extensor muscles are used to
open the fingers out straight

 Flexor muscle
- the muscles that close fingers against the palm

50
A.Skill in the art of writing is
contingent upon may factors:
1. manual dexterity, inherent or
acquired

2. legibility and symmetry, the

bases upon which the skill or
pictorial aspect is judged.
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B. Classification of Skill

1. poor skill reveals lack of both legibility and

symmetry, or one of the features

2. good skills shows possession or high degree

of both features

3. medium skill is the classification when the

writing does not fall into the poor or good
class.

52
 means the typical fountain pen, ball point pen
or pencil used in executing the writing.

A. What is typical fountain pen design?

- we think of the writing and of a pen as a
single fine point. In reality there are two points
known as nibs which separate slightly under
pressure, depositing a thin film of ink on the
paper between the nib tracks.

53
B. Identifying the work of a fountain pen?

The work of a particular pen is identified

through the:

1. Width of the stroke, whether narrow or

minimum or average in stroke

2. Stiffness or elasticity of the pen, as shown by

contrast of strokes, depth of nib furrows or
embossing on back of sheet.

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3. smoothness, roughness or broken character of
the stroke

4. Presence of apparent shading on strokes at

right angles to the width of the penpoint,
especially at the top of letters where stroked to
the left are apparently shaded.

5. Failure of the pen to write due to defect of the

pen rather than the ink, sometimes is the result
of fountain pens or pens with uneven or
broken nibs.

55
 It is the term used to described the relative
smoothness of a line

 Handwriting is described good in line quality

when the writer is concentrating his attention
on what he is writing rather than on how the
pen point is moving.

 To produce and writing of good quality, the

pen must be largely controlled by reflex
movements of the muscles of the hand and arm
56
 Indicated by an involuntary, rhythmic and
recurrent movement of the pen

 These tremulous strokes are instant changes from

the desired direction of the pen line and are
attributed to nervous impulses affecting the
muscles.

 The character of the tremor may not be noticeable

in casual observation, but when shown, it often has
a value sufficient importance to be a factor in the
examination and conclusion of disputed
documents.

57
1. Inequality in movement at any pace in any
stroke or line

2. Strokes too strong and vigorous combined

with weak

3. With hesitation strokes, abrupt and zigzag or

changing direction of the lines

58
4. Frequent interruptions in movement

5. Unequal distribution of ink on upward as well

as downward stroke

6. Varying pen pressure due to change in speed

and interruption in movement

7. Strongly imitated first and capital letters of the

original signature characterized by firm lines
and modified small letters with less tremors.

59
1. Unusual and erratic departures of the line
from its intended course

2. Abrupt recovery and a general indication of

muscular weakness

3. Movements beyond the control of the writer

particularly in the downward strokes

60
4. Very uneven alignment

5. Occasional careless, unconscious

strokes

6. Too many or too few tremors or

tremors on wrong portion of the
letters.

61
1. More varied pen strokes caused by the
uncertainty, hesitation and unfamiliar its in
the formation of the letters and the process of
writing

2. Lines with sufficient strength but without

order or rhythm showing lack of control

62
3. Absence of definite style of writing resulting
from the writers limited experience with pen
and pencil, and lack of knowledge of the size
and proportions of the letters of his signatures

4. Strong lines of the illiterate as writer can be

distinguished from the lines of the educated
writer which are usually lighter, more weaker
and finer.

63
 Pathological tremors which result in a
convulsive manner of writing are independent
of the will and are, thus, beyond the writers
control.

 These tremors are rhythmic to and fro

movements that are practically impossible to
imitate with the same writing speed and pen
pressure

64
 Shading in writing is the widening of the line
by the application of pressure to add color to
the writing

65
 It is the superimpose of line in the letter

 This writing characteristics can be found on

staffs of small “d”, “p”, “t” are normally for a
considerable distance.

 Retrace is influences by a slant, pen position

and more particularly by movement

66
 Line is a row written or printed characteristics

 It is also a mark that form part of the formal

design

 In handwriting, it refers to a long narrow mark

written or retraced on a paper or surface

67
 All writing is made up of straight lines and
curves with their junctions angles, retraces and
sometimes eyelets

 It is through the combination of two or more of

these fundamental strokes that writing is
constructed.

 Two curves put together in one way form a

circle. Certain letters, particularly those with
loops also use curves.
68
 Variations in handwriting are the peculiarities
in letter formations resulting directly from
force of habit or from some definite cause at the
time of the writing

 These variations in writing are actually partial

changes, alteration, departures and
modifications in the formation of the
alphabetical characteristics.

69
 The mental and physical condition of the
individual

 Modifications in alphabetical formations

produced under nervous conditions

 The position at the time of writing or the kind

of instrument used causes variations

70
 The time and place

 The habit of writing on a line which is of great

assistance to some persons

 Imperfect eyesight, inferior light at the moment of

writing and writing without glasses when
accustomed to their use.

 Too high or too low a table and the stiffness or the

flexibility of the pen use

 The kind of ink, the of paper, plain or ruled, or

annoyance at the moment of writing.

71
 Connection means the stroke or links which
connect a letter with the following letters

 Letter connections determines the essential

expression of the writing pattern

 It is the mean indicator of the neuromuscular

function

72
1. Arcade
- a rounded stroke shape like an arc.
- it is a slow mode of connections resulting
from controlled movements

2. Garland
- links the downward stroke to the upstroke
with flowing curve swinging from left to right

73
3. Angular Connective Form
- a connection in which the downward stroke
and upward stroke meet directly

- these are continuity of movement

characterized by an abrupt stop and start each
turning point

4. Threadlike connective form

- results when the joining of downward and
upward strokes is slurred to a threadlike
tracing or when rounded turns used at both top
and bottom produce a double curve.

74
 Observation of the general spacing of the
writing on page should be made and the width
of margins determined.

 Paragraph indentations should be measured as

well as both the space between the lines and
the space between individual stroke formation

75
 Refers to the manner in which an individual
letters and words end

 Perhaps , the most inconspicuous

characteristics and the most difficult for the
forger to duplicated are found in the initial and
final strokes of an handwriting.

 A systematic comparison of each of these

stroke will give the examiner revealing
evidence.
76
 Terminals may be:

1. straight terminals
2. curved up or down terminal
3. rarely terminal
4. spiraled terminal
5. hooked terminal

77
1. Terminals maybe upward

2. Terminals may be horizontal

3. Terminals maybe downward

4. Terminals maybe below the writing lines

78
 It is the path traced by the pen on a paper

 The pen stroke is the visual record of the

writing movement

 It is important to observe whether the course

of the stroke is continuous or broken

79
 Expansion – refers to the movement, whether
extended or limited in its range with respect to
both vertical and horizontal dimensions

 Coordination – the flow of movement, whether

controlled or uncertain, smooth or jerky,
continuous or interrupted

 Speed – means the movement, whether rapid

of slow and whether the space is steady or
variable
80
 Pressure – defined as the force exerted or
applied in the movement , whether heavy or
light, flexible or rigid

 Direction – is the left and rightward trend of

the movement and its upward and downward
reach

 Rhythm – refers to the sequence of movements

that weave the total pattern as certain phases
recur at regular or less regular intervals

81
 In form a stroke may be straight or curve.

 It is classified according to direction in which

they are written, a stroke maybe:
a. left
b. right
c. down stroke
d. upstroke

82
 Strokes may also be classified according
to their position.

 If a stroke begins a letter or word, it is

called the initial approach stroke while
the stroke that ends a letter or a word is
the terminal stroke

83
 It is the inclination of letters which may either
be the right or left

84
 It is the relaxation of a line or the words in a
line, or the letters in a word to the base line.

 The term “line of writing” should be

understood as the imaginary line to which the
general trend of a handwriting conforms, so
that it will be correct to speak of the “line of
writing” even when the paper is unrolled.

85
 Good alignment – obtained by a forearm
movement in which the elbow joint is used as
the center or pivot of lateral action and is held
right angles to the line of writing.

 Faulty alignment – is a characteristics of

unskilled writing, and other things being equal,
will be found more often in finger movement
than in forearm movement

86
 It refers to the way in which written
matters are put in order on the page

 Every person possesses distinct habits in

writing arrangement. Thus, these habits
are vital clues in identifying writer

87
 The direct outgrowth of definite teaching

 The result of unconscious imitation

 Due to some accident condition or

circumstances

 The expression of certain mental and physical

traits of the writer as affected by education, by
environment and by occupation

88
1. The general placing of writing on a sheet or
page and its artistic and balance arrangement
of parts or its unbalanced and inartistic
appearance

2. The wide narrow, mixed or uniform spacing

between lines, between words, between
separate capitals, between capitals and small
letters in the same words

89
3. Placing or locating of words with reference to
an imaginary or actual baseline, i.e, on the line
above the line, below the line, or partly above
or partly below

4. Presence or absence of character and uniformity

of margins at left, right, top and at bottom of
the sheet

5. Position of signature in relation to the writing

it follows

90
6. horizontal, uphill, downhill, curved or mixed
direction of alignment of signature on line of
writing

7. Parallelism and width of space between lines of

writing or envelop addresses or an unruled
paper

8. Arrangement of headings, introductions and

conclusions of letters and their relation to each
other and to the body of the writing

91
9. Paragraph and its frequency or its omission and
the average depth of indention at beginning of
paragraphs

10. Arrangement of figures and abbreviations

11. Interlineations and their character, position

and frequency

12. Envelop addresses and their size, style,

position and arrangement

92
13. Connections or unbroken pen lines between
words

14. Number of words to a line

15. Location of punctuation marks in relation to

the base line

16. Underscoring and its location, frequency and

emphasis

93
 It is a small mark, which by virtue of their
inconspicuous are all the more valuable as
identifying features.

94
1. When the pen is applied to the paper without
pressure, the period maybe:
a. a mere dot

b. circular

c. slightly elongated

95
2. The spreading of the two nibs when pressured
may result in a heart-shaped of triangular
shaped, with point or up down, or it may
assume the form of a comma with tail up or
down.

3. In the matter of placement, it may be too far or

too close to the letter it follows.

4. With relation to the base line, it maybe too high

or two low.

96
FORGED DOCUMENTS

97
 Tracing is copying a writing done by following the
lines of the original.

 The tracing of a signature can be accomplished

only when the signature is available

 Forgeries made in this manner bear a close

resemblance in form to the original signature.

 Consequently, they are likely to deceive the casual

observer.

98
 This is the act of assuming the appearance and
character of the original without reality.

 In this instance, a simulation is a copy or an

imitation of the genuine signature which is
capable of defrauding.

 The simulation or imitation will have a

likeliness in appearance to the genuine
signature but not its identical or exact
character.
99
 Naturally, a simulation of a signature will
resemble the signature imitated.

 It may be an ordinary copy or one skillfully

made for the purpose of having it accepted as
the genuine signature, but its similarity or
resemblance to the genuine signature is not the
absolute measure of genuineness.

 The better the imitation, the greater the danger

of deception and fraud.

100
1. Simulated Signature
- it is the free hand writing in imitation of a
model signature or a copy.

-It is copying imitating another using the

original as the model.
a. Simulated signature with the model
- simulating the model before him, the
forger makes an effort to obtain a
reproduction of the original document.

101
- He works slowly, stroke after stroke .

- Applying the direct technique, he works

directly with ink.

- In the indirect technique, the forgery works

with pencil and afterwards covers the pencil
stroke with ink

b. Simulated Free Hand Forgery

- this is used by forgers who have certain skill
in writing. After some practice, the forger, tries
to quickly write a copy of the model.

102
2. Traced Signature
- this type of forged signature is a tracing of a
genuine signature.

a. Direct tracing. It is a copy made by

transmitted light. That is with the genuine
signature under the forged document and with
a strong light shining through both papers. The
visible outline is followed with a pen or pencil
to create forgery.

103
b. Indirect Tracing
- the forger use a carbon paper and place the
document on which on which he will trace the
forged signatures under the document bearing the
model signature with carbon paper between the
two.

- the pressure of this over-tracing against the

carbon paper imprints the signature outline in
carbon document

- this type could be easily detected by a smattering

of carbon remnants on the forged documents.

104
c. Indentation process
- the document containing the model signature
is placed on top of the forged document.

- the forger traces with considerable pressure,

over the genuine signature using a pencil, pen,
stylus or similar instruments that create an
indent signature outline on the document being
forged.

- later, this depression outline is overwritten

using pencil, fountain pen or ball pen.

105
3. Simple forgery
- simple forgery is a kind of forged signature in
which the writing writes something that
resembles what is ordinary identified as a
signature.

- the forger does not copy a model; instead he

uses a false name and makes a rapid stroke,
disturbing his usual style by adopting a
camouflage called disguise.

- in this case, the forger can be identified by

comparing his original signatures and other
writing to the disguise.
106
1. Tremulous and broken connecting stroke
between letters

2. Absence of rhythm

3. Carefulness or unusual care and deliberation

4. Observed contrast between upward and

downward strokes

5. Slow writing
107
6. Blunt beginning and ending

7. Absence of spontaneity or lack of smoothness

of letters

8. Restrained writing or lack of freedom or

“inhibited” movements

9. Absence of variation

108
 a forged signature is based upon the presence
of defects in the signature.

 these faults of forgery are determined through

a study of the questioned signature and
comparison of the various genuine signatures
of the writer.

 a forged signature is apt to be deficient in

form.

109
 Hesitation and slow writing movement are
other common defects of imitated forgeries

 The finished signature is not necessarily made

up entirely of strokes of this nature, but many
forgeries contain recurring defects of this type.

 Hesitation normally occurs in those part of the

signature where the forger encounters greatest
difficulty in imitation.

110
GENUINENESS OF WRITING

111
 Are normally smoothly written and executed
with at least, moderate speed containing an
occasional uncertain stroke or signs of an
occasional slow writing movement.

 Indications of genuineness are: carelessness,

spontaneity, alteration of thick and thin
strokes, speed, simplification, rhythm, good
line quality and variation.

112
 A forgery is established when it can be shown
that the signature is unnatural either in the way
that it is written or in its form.

 Most frequently, both types of faults are

present.

 These defects result from someone trying to

produce a signature which is completely
unpracticed and which should be written in a
different manner and with different habits than
those of the forger.

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 Signatures written under abnormal condition
such as when the writer is standing, reclining,
riding or writing upon an uneven surface are
not completely characteristics.

 The written document or signature is not his

natural writing but that does not mean is
signatures are not genuine; they are merely
variable.

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 Rhythm - is defined as a harmonious
recurrence of stress or impulses motion, and
handwriting can classified by the quality or the
perfection of its rhythm.

 Rhythm is the result of impulses and is

indicated by accentuation in mature writing.

 It is highly individualistic and a very important

factor identification of genuine writing.
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 This harmonious movement and accentuation
of pen pressure occurs unconsciously, having
a free and easy swing which is consistent and
invariable in the genuine written signature.

 The exact character and quality of the rhythm

are exceedingly difficult to reproduce.

 Inconsistency of rhythm is usually a token of

forgery.

116
 Speed in writing is the rapidity in movement of
the pen or pencil in the formation of the letters
comprising words and sentences.

 The degree of speed used varies in writings

which make it as an important factor in the
examination of every questioned document.

 The speed in which an individual writers is

dependent upon his mental attitude, physical
condition or impulses.
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 Therefore the degree of speed used in writing
is always found in the line quality of the
writing.

 When a writing is applied to the pen in writing,

the speed is decreased in proportion to the
degree of pressure applied.

 The width of the writing line indicates the

amount of pressure used.

 Tremor and broken lines seldom occur in speed

writing unless the pen or pencil is defective.

118
 Smooth, unbroken stroke and rounded forms

 Frequent signs or tendencies to the right

 Marked uncertainty as to the location of the

dots of small letters “I”, “j” and crosses of small
letter “t” connected with the following words.

 Increased spontaneity of words or small letter

connected with the following words.

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 Letters curtailed or degenerated almost illegibility
toward the end of words

 Wide writing width letters greater that the

connecting spaces adjoining it.

 Marked simplification of letters especially capital

letters.

 Rising line

 Increased pen pressure

 Increased in the margin to the left at the beginning

of the line.
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 Wavering form and broken strokes

 Frequent signs or tendencies to the left

 Conspicuous certainty as to the location of the

dots of small letters “I”, “j”, or “t” and crosses
with scarcely perceptible deviation form
intended direction.

 Frequent pauses, angles, divided letters and

retouches
121
 Carefully execution of a detail of a letter,
toward the end of words

 Narrow writing

 Absence of difference in emphasis in upstroke

and down stroke

 Ornamental or flourishing connections

 Illegibility

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 Smooth quality line

 Presence of vanishing and flying strokes

 Absence of retouching

 Absence of unnatural tremor

 Absence of pen stops and wrong places

 Illegibility

123
 Illegibility

 Freedom of movement or rhythm

 Smooth line quality

 Vanishing terminal strokes

 Misspelling

124
 Omission of strokes or simplification

 Carelessness

 Flying start and flying finish

 Ink failures

 Even pressures

 Speed

125
 Impression found on the sides of impression
strokes by the use of a side light when forgery
is by tracing

 Appearance of unequal distribution of ink

 Appearance of temporary pen stop at wrong

places as in the curve or in straight line as
distinguished from that of a genuine signature
where pen stop are irregular and usually found
on the inks.

126
 Appearance of irregular tremor in the line of
stroke

 The initial and the terminal strokes showing

stop ending which appear heavier pigment

 Appearance of retouching distinctive from the

genuine retouching which is done carefully.

127
 Identity is proved when two handwriting
contain a sufficient number of significant
characteristics, qualities and elements so that it
is unreasonable to say that they would all
accidentally coincide in two different
handwriting.

 Identity is not proved by the presence of only a

few common or conventional forms.

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