Limits and Fits -Definition

• Basic Size: It is the size with reference to which upper

or lower limits of size are defined.

• Shaft and Hole: These terms are used to designate all

the external and internal features of any shape and not
necessarily cylindrical.

• Hole Designation: By upper case letters from A, B, …

Z, Za, Zb, Zc(excluding I, L, O, Q, W and adding Js,
Za, Zb, Zc) -28 nos.

• Shaft Designation: By lower case letters from a, b, …

z, za, zb, zc(excluding i, l, o, q, w and adding js, za,
zb, zc) -28 nos.
 Grades of Tolerance
Grade of Tolerance: It is an indication of the level of
accuracy. There are 20 grades of tolerances –IT01, IT0,
IT1 to IT18
• IT01 to IT4 -For production of gauges, plug gauges,
measuring instruments
• IT5 to IT 7 -For fits in precision engineering
applications
• IT8 to IT11 –For General Engineering
• IT12 to IT14 –For Sheet metal working or press
working
• IT15 to IT18 –For processes like casting, general
cutting work
Tolerance Grades
• Standard Tolerance: Various grades of
tolerances are defined using the ‘standard
tolerance unit’, (i), which is a function of basic
size

Where, D is the geometric mean of the lower and upper diameters of a

particular diameter step within which the chosen the diameter D lies.
 Hole-Basis & Shaft Basis System

Hole-Basis System Shaft Basis System

 Different Types of Gauges
Workshop Inspection General

NO GO

Hole
Tol
GO

Wear All

GO
Shaft
Tol
NO GO

Gauge Tolerance 10 %
 Numerical
Determine the actual dimensions to be provided for a shaft
& hole of 90mm size for H8e9 type clearance fit.

i. Value of tolerance unit i = 0.45 3 D +0.001D

ii. Size 90 mm falls in diameter steps of 80 and 100.
iii. Value of tolerance for IT8 & IT9 grades are 25i & 40i.
iv. Value of fundamental deviation for ‘e’ type shaft is
-11D0.41
i. Also design the ‘Go’ & ‘NO GO’ gauges as per the
present British system in which the same workshop
and inspection gauges are used.
Solution:
• Calculation of tolerance D
• Calculate value of i
• Value of tolerance on hole (IT8)
• Fundamental deviation for hole (H)
For hole
Minimum size of hole = basic size
Maximum size of hole = basic size +
tolerance
• For ‘e’ type shaft, FD = -11D0.41
• Tolerance for IT9 Grade
Maximum size of shaft = basic size + FD
Minimum size of shaft = Max size of shaft –
tolerance

For Hole and Shaft

• For GO Gauge • For No Go Gauge
 Gauge tolerance =  Gauge tolerance = 10%
10% tolerance tolerance
 Wear allowance =
10% Gauge tolerane
Maximum size of hole
90.0524 mm
Tolerance 0.0524 mm
Minimum size of hole
90.00 mm
Fundamental Deviation

Maximum size of shaft

89.9315 mm
Tolerance 0.0839 mm

Minimum size of shaft

89.8476 mm
 NO GO 90.0524
0.0057
For Hole
Go Gauge
 90  0.0005
IT 8
0.0576
GO No Go Gauge  90  0.0524
90.0000

Wear allowance
89.9315

GO For Shaft
Go Gauge  9000..0639
0777
IT 9
0.1524
No Go Gauge  90  0.1608
89.8476
NO GO
• Design and make a drawing of general
purpose ‘Go’ and ‘NO GO’ plug gauge for
inspecting a hole of 25 D8. Data with usual
notation.
• i(micron) = 0.45 3 D +0.001D (D is in mm)
• The fundamental deviation for hole D = 16
D0.44
• The value of tolerance for IT8 = 25i