AAPG-IPA REGIONAL DISTINGUISHED LECTURE SERIES

2008
AAPG-IPA REGIONAL DISTINGUISHED
LECTURER
2008

R.P.Koesoemadinata
Professor Emeritus of Geology
Institute of Technology Bandung
 BASIN CONCEPTS

THE DEVELOPMENT OF BASINS IN

INDONESIA
 CONCEPTS OF BASINS
• PHYSIOGRAPHIC BASIN (Page, 1864, Geikie,
1913)
• STRUCTURAL BASIN (Emmons, 1863, Geikie,
1913)
• SEDIMENTARY BASIN (Sloss, et al, 1949,
Landes, 1951
• PETROLEUM BASIN
OCEANIC BASINS OF INDONESIA
 SEDIMENTARY BASIN
• Certain areas of the craton which has been
persistently … subject to sinking to an
extent greater than its surrounding shelves
(Sloss et al, 1949)
• A segment of the earth’s crust which has
been downwarp usually for considerable
time, but with intermittent risings and
sinkings. Sediments in such basins
increases in thickness toward the center of
the basin (Landes, 1951)
 CONCEPT OF SEDIMENTARY BASIN

• Segment of the earth’s crust

where sedimentary layers are
accumulating forming
sedimentary strata relatively
thicker than its surrounding
area.
 PRESENT CONCEPT OF
SEDIMENTARY BASIN

• PART OF THE EARTH’S CRUST WHERE

SEDIMENTARY STRATA HAVE BEEN DEPOSITED
IN MUCH GREATER THICKNESS THAN ITS
SURROUNDING AREA
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEDIMENTARY BASIN

• The most important feature of a

sedimentary basin is the depositional
interface which during certain time
intervals is partly or entirely above or below
sea-level.
• The sedimentary basin can be partly or
entirely involved in tectonic activity, such
as folding, faulting and uplift to form a
mountain range.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEDIMENTARY BASIN

• A sedimentary basin does not necessarily

have the shape of a geomorphologic
basin, it could be a slope (clinoform) but
is typically characterized by tectonic
subsidence relative to its surrounding
area.
• The basin margin is characterized by the
wedge-out of sedimentary strata. In
general a sedimentary basin is a tectonic
feature.
In practice a sedimentary basin
has the shape of a
geomorphologic basin and
coincides with a tectonic
depression
 PETROLEUM BASIN

• A petroleum basin is a sedimentary basin

where petroleum has been generated and
accumulated in economic quantities Not all
sedimentary basin is capable of generating
petroleum
• In general a petroleum basin is also a coal
basin, but not all petroleum basins are coal
basins and vice versa.
 SEDIMENTARY BASIN VS PETROLEUM BASINS

• Only sedimentary basins with sufficient

sediment thickness have hydrocarbon
potential.
• As a rule of thumb: sedimentary basins with
an excess thickness of 2000 m have
hydrocarbon potential.
• However, thickness only does not guarantee
the generation of hydrocarbons.
 BASIN REQUIREMENT FOR HYDROCARBON
GENERATION AND ACCUMULATION

• Present of source rock, depending on the basin

configuration and type of basin
• Maturation which depends on heatflow/
thermal history, age of the sediments.
• Presence of reservoir rock and trapping
conditions
 CONCEPT OF BASEMENT
• Generally igneous (plutonic) and metamorphic
rocks
• Economic basement includes tight highly
tectonized sedimentary strata, with little
chance for the preservation of any generated
and accumulated hydrocarbons (overmature)
• Acoustic basement: seismic indicator for
economic basement
 SEDIMENTARY BASIN BOUNDARY OUTLINE

SEDIMENTARY BASIN CAN BE SURROUNDED BY:

– BASEMENT ROCK- OUTLINE IS SHOWN BY 0-ISOPACH LINE
– SEDIMENTARY PLATFORM OR SHELF – OUTLINE IS SHOWN
BY A RELATIVE VALUE OF ISOPACH LINE
– PARTIALLY BASEMENT ROCK PARTIALLY SEDIMENTARY
PLATFORM/SHELF – OUTLINE IS SHOWN BY RELATIVE
VALUE OF ISOPACH LINE
 INDONESIA
SEDIMENT THICKNESS
DISTRIBUTION AND BASIN OUTLINE
PROBLEM
 GEOSYNCLINE
Geosyncline is one type of elongated
sedimentary basin, where
estremely thick sedimentary strata
were deposited and destined to
form a mountain range. This term
is not used any longer
 ORIGINAL CONCEPT OF
GEOSYNCLINE
• A narrow zone of the earth’s crust where
extremely thick sediments were
deposited and destined to be folded and
uplifted into a mountain range (based on
the Appalachian Mts, James Hall, Dana,
1866, Knopf, 1946)
 DEVELOPMENT OF GEOSYNCLINAL CONCEPT

• In Europe (Bertrand, 1897, Haug, 1900) the

geosyncline concept developed into a
mountain building theory
• Characterized by folding intensity (Stille,
1936)
• Volcanism, metamorphism, batholitic
intrusions, metalics deposits became part
of the geosynclinal theory
• Various types of geosynclines were
recognized
 CLASSIFICATION OF GEOSYNCLINE BY
MARSHALL KAY, 1952
• EXTRACRATONIC GEOSYNCLINE
– Orthogeosyncline
• Eugeosyncline
• Miogeosyncline
– Epigeosyncline
• INTRACRATONIC GEOSYNCLINES
– Taphrogeosyncline
– Exogeosyncline
– Autogeosyncline
– Zugogeosyncline
• PARALIA GEOSYNCLINE
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SEDIMENTARY BASIN

• The most important feature of a

sedimentary basin is the depositional
interface which during certain time
intervals is partly or entirely above or below
sea-level.
• The sedimentary basin can be partly or
entirely involved in tectonic activity, such
as folding, faulting and uplift to form a
mountain range.
 MECHANISM FOR THICK DEPOSITION

• Filling-up of a geomorphic/physiographic basin (such

as a trench or trough)
• Lateral accumulation or prograding over a
continental margin
• Deposition in a subsiding part of the earth’s crust
through
– Basement Faulting through crustal extension
(development of graben/half-graben systems)
– Basement Flexuring through
• Crustal compression
• Crustal Loading
 SEDIMENT THICKNENING
VERTICAL VS LATERAL ACCUMULATION
SUBSIDENCE DUE TO FAULTING
(EXTENSION)
SUBSIDENCE DUE TO FLEXURING
COMPRESSION
 PLATE-TECTONICS CONCEPT AND
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY
BASINS

TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHY AND
THE PLATE-TECTONICS
DEVELOPMENT OF
SEDIMENTARY BASIN
 TECTONIC PLATES VS CRUST
• Plates is a rheological concept of a rigid outer sphere of the earth ~ the lithosphere
• Crust is a mineralogical concept of the outer part of the earth and consists of:
– Continental Crust (granitic, formerly called sial)
– Oceanic Crust (basic, formerly called sima)
• Crust form the upper most part of the lithosphere (plate)
– Oceanic Plate: the plate that carries an oceanic crust in the upper part.
– Continental Plate: the plate that carries a continental crust in the upper part.
• The plate or lithosphere can be considered to consist of
– Crust in the upper part
– Upper Mantle or Mantle lid in the lower part
• Asthenosphere lies below the lithosphere
• Mantle comprises of
– The rigid mantle lid of the lithosphere (lower part of the plate)
– The ductile /plastic asthenosphere
• The plate (lithosphere) glides over the asthenosphere
CONCEPT OF TECTONIC PLATES
World Tectonic Plates
 THE GREAT PHYSIOGRAPHIC
FEATURES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE
• THE OCEANS
– Mid-Oceanic Ridges
– Oceanic Basins
– Deep Sea Trenches
• THE CONTINENTS
– Cratons or Shields
– Platforms and Sedimentary Basins
– Mountain Ranges
– Great Rift-Zones
– Shelves and Continental Margins
 THE OCEANS
• Mid-Oceanic Ridges and hot thermal
vents
• Oceanic Basins
• Deep Sea Trenches and Island Arc
Systems
• Guyot and Oceanic Volcanoes
 THE CONTINENTS
• Cratons or Shields
• Platforms and Sedimentary Basins
• Mountain Ranges
• Great Rift-Zones
• Shelves and Continental Margins
SHIELDS, PLATFORMS, BASINS AND MOUNTAIN RANGES
 CONTINENTAL MARGINS

• ACTIVE MARGINS
–Continental Island Arc System
• PASSIVE MARGINS
–Continental Shelves
Earth’s Physiography and Global Plate-Tectonics
 PLATE BOUNDARIES VS CONTINENTAL
MARGINS

• ACTIVE CONTINENTAL MARGINS ARE PLATE

BOUNDARIES
– SUBDUCTION ZONES
– TRANSDUCTION ZONES OR GREAT STRIKE-SLIP OR
WRENCH FAULTS
• PASSIVE CONTINENTAL MARGINS ARE NOT PLATE
BOUNDARIES, BUT TRANSITION FROM CONTINENTAL
CRUST TO OCEANIC CRUST (CRUSTAL BOUNDARIES)
AND ARE LOCATED WITHIN A PLATE.
Mid-Oceanic Spreading and Subduction
Volcanism by Partial Melting of the Crust
Subduction Types
Type A Subduction
Oceanic vs Oceanic
Andean Style Mountain-building
CONTINENT TO ISLAND ARC COLLISION
CONTINENT TO CONTINENT COLLISION
 BACK-ARC VS FORELAND BASINS

• BACK-ARC/FORE-ARC BASINS ARE

RELATED TO SUBDUCTION
• FORELAND/HINTERLAND BASINS ARE
RELATED TO COLLISION
 BASIN CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PLATE
TECTONICS
Several basin classification based on plate-tectonics
have been proposed:
• Classification of Bally dan Snelson (1980)
• Classification of Kingston et al (1983) This
classification takes superimposition of one basin on
top of the other separated by unconformities
• A simplified basin classification is proposed
 BASIN CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PLATE-
TECTONICS
• INTRA-CRATONIC/CONTINENTAL BASINS
– Stable
– Divergence (extensional)
– Convergence (compressional)
– Transvergence (trans-tensional)
• CONTINENTAL MARGIN BASINS
– Active continental margins (convergence/transvergence)
– Passive continental margins (divergence/stable)
• OCEANIC BASINS
 BASIN CLASSIFICATION
• CONTINENTAL BASINS
– Stable Continental Basin
– Diverging Continent (Extensional)
– Converging Continental Basin (Compressional)
– Transverging Continental Basin
• CONTINENTAL MARGIN BASINS
– Passive Continental Margin Basins
– Active Continental Margin Basins
• OCEANIC BASINS
– Stable Oceanic Basins
– Diverging Oceanic Basin
– Converging Oceanic Basins
– Transvergin Oceanic Basins
 CONTINENTAL BASINS
– Stable Continental Basin
• Interior Basins (Infra-rift Basins?)
– Diverging Continent (Extensional)
• Extensional Rift Basins: Grabens and Half-grabens
• Aulacogene Basins
– Converging Continental Basin (Compressional)
• Collisional Basins: Foreland and Hinterland basins
– Transverging Continental Basin
• Trans-tensional Rift Basins: Pull-apart Basins-Grabens
and Half-grabens
CONTINENTAL MARGIN BASINS
• Passive Continental Margin Basins
• Delta Basins
• Carbonate Platforms and Basins
• Active Continental Margin Basins
• Converging Continental Margin Basins
– Subduction-related basins
» Fore-arc and Back-arc basins
– Obduction related basins
• Transverging Continental Margin Basins
– Transtensional Rift Basins
» Pull-apart Grabens and Half-grabens
 OCEANIC BASINS

• Stable Oceanic Basins

• Diverging Oceanic Basin
– Trans-Mid-Oceanic Ridge Basins
• Converging Oceanic Basins
– Oceanic Back-arc Basin
– Oceanic Fore-arc Basin
• Transverging-transform Oceanic Basins
 INTRA-CRATONIC/CONTINENTAL BASINS

• Divergence
– Rifting ----> grabens, half graben basins ---->synrift sedimentation
– Break-up -----> aulacogene basins -------> deltaic sedimentation
• Convergence
– Collision (Suture related)
– Foreland Basin
– Hinterland Basin
• Transvergence
– Strike-slip (rift) basin
 CONTINENTAL MARGIN BASINS
• Passive Margin (pinggiran passive)
• Atlantic Type
• Aulacogene type (Deltas)

• Active Margin (Pinggiran Aktif)

• Subduction/obduction
• Back-arc Basin
• Inter-arc Basin
• Fore-arc Basin
• Transcurrent Margin
• Pull apart basins, (strike-slip basins
TYPES OF BASIN
CLASSIFICATION
 BASIN EVOLUTION
• Sedimentary basins evolved from one to
another type
• Superimposition of various type of basin on
top of the other occurs
• Sedimentary sequences of various types of
basin can be analysied in tectono-
stratigraphical sequences:
EVOLUTION OF
BASINS:
FROM RIFT –
TO –
FORELAND
BASIN
RIFT-DRIFT-COLLIDE
 EVOLUTION OF
?
? BASINS RIFT –
TO-
BACK-ARC BASIN
 EXTENSIONAL BASIN DEVELOPMENT

• Rifting ----> grabens, half graben basins ----

>synrift sedimentation
• Break-up -----> aulacogene basins ------->
deltaic sedimentation
• Drifting -----> passive margin basins ------>
passive margin sedimentation
• Spreading (oceanic) -----> oceanic basins ---->
deep marine sedimentation
EVOLUTION OF RIFT – TO –PASSIVE MARGIN BASIN
RIFT-DRIFT
 EXTENSIONAL TO COMPRESSIONAL
REGIME
• Drifting -------> passive margin basin
sedimentation
• Subduction -----> back-arc, inter-arc and fore-
arc basins
• Obduction --------->foreland basins & fore
deeps
• Continent to continent collision------> Suture
related foreland and fore deep basins
EVOLUTION OF A PASSIVE MARGIN BASIN
 PASSIVE MARGIN BASIN
developing into a
CARBONATE PLATFORM

Contoh: Indonesia Timur –Australian continental margin

 TRANSVERGENCE T0
CONVERGENCE REGIME
• Rifting ------------> tran-stensional rift basins
(graben- half graben)
• Sagging - general subsidence initial
development of back-arc basin
• Subduction----> back-arc basin & fore-arc
basin
• Arc to Continent Collision -----> foreland &
hinterland basin
EVOLUTION OF
BASINS RIFT –
TO-
BACK-ARC BASIN
 DIVERGENCE TO TRANSVERGENCE REGIME

• Rifting -------> extensional rift basins ----------> syn-

rift deposition
• Sagging -------> thermal subsidence ----------->
marine deposition
• Drifting -------> passive margin basins --------->
shallow marine - shelf sedimentation
• Wrenching ------> transtensional rift basin ------->
coarse clastic sedimentaion
• Wrenching - colliding --> transpressional/
compressional ----perch foreland basin --
synorogenic and post orogenic sedimentation
 TRANSVERGENCE T0 CONVERGENCE
REGIME
• Rifting ------------> transtensional rift basins
(graben- half graben)
• Sagging - general subsidence initial
development of back-arc basin
• Subduction----> back-arc basin & fore-arc
basin
• Arc Continent Collision -----> foreland &
hinterland basins
 TECTONIC INVERSION.

• During the transition from extensional to

compressional tectonic regime a tectonic inversion,
often takes place
• Faults are reactivated with inversion of direction of
movement
• Lower parts of the basin e.g. ‘graben’ are inverted
into highs within the sedimentary basin
• Inversion is a common feature in Tertiary
sedimentary basin on the Sunda Shelf
 THE CONCEPT OF COMPOSITE OR POLY-BASINS

• DUE TO THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT A SEDIMENTARY BASIN CAN BE

COMPOSED OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS CAN BE PARTIALLY OR
ENTIRELY SUPERIMPOSED ON EACH OTHER.
• For examples:
– A half graben at the base is overlain by a back-arc basin
– A rift basin is overlain by a passive margin basin, which in turn is overlain by a
carbonate platform, and the whole affair is compressed into a foreland basin
on top.
• A BASIN WHICH FROM BASEMENT TO PRESENT-DAY DEPOSITIONAL
INTERFACE CONSISTS OF SEVERAL TYPES OF BASIN SUPERIMPOSED OVER
EACH OTHER IS CALLED A COMPOSITE BASIN OR POLY-BASIN (Kingston, et
al, 1981)
 KINGSTON
BASIN
CLASSIFICATION
KINGSTON BASIN CLASSIFICATION
BASIN NOMENCLATURE
BASINAL AREAS
BASINS
SUBBASINS
TROUGHS
GRABENS
DEEPS
LOWS
HIGHS
DEPOCENTERS
BASIN ASSOCIATED NOMENCLATURE

SHIELD
PLATFORM
SHELF
ARCH
HIGHS
RIDGE
UPLIFT
 TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHY:

• To arrange sedimentary strata in its tectonic

environment
• Tectono-stratigraphic sequences are separated by
unconformities which reflects a tectonic event
• The tectonics event caused a change in the
tectonic environment are e.g. rifting, sagging,
collision, uplift, dsb.
• Each tectonic environment is characterized by a
certain facies association
 TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHIC TERMS

• Pre-Rift
• Syn-Rift
• Post-Rift, Sag
• Passive Margin Deposition (Syn-drift?)
• Pre-Orogenic (Pre-Collision)
• Syn-Orogenic (Syn-Collision)
• Post Orogenic (Post Collision)
 TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHY:

• To arrange sedimentary strata in its tectonic

environment
• Tectono-stratigraphic sequences are separated by
unconformities which reflects a tectonic event
• The tectonics event caused a change in the
tectonic environment are e.g. rifting, sagging,
collision, uplift, dsb.
• Each tectonic environment is characterized by a
certain facies association
Indonesia Position Global Plate-Tectonics
Indonesia Position in Global Plate-Tectonics
Tectonic Framework of Indonesia
showing Tertiary Basins
 INDONESIA
SEDIMENT THICKNESS
DISTRIBUTION
Western Indonesia Tertiary
Stratigraphy
Western Indonesia Paleogene Rift-Basins
Western Indonesia Chronostratigraphic Tertiary
Correlation Diagram
Western Indonesia Neogene Sedimentary Basins
SUMATRA BACK ARC BASIN MODEL
 Greater
North
Sumatra
Present-day
Basinal
Area
North Sumatra Basin Configuration (Anderson, 1993)
Central Sumatra Paleogene Rift Basins
South Sumatra Sub-basins
 South
Sumatra
Paleogene
graben-
halfgraben
system
South Sumatra Basin Tectonic Development
(1)
South Sumatra Basin Tectonic Development
(2)
NE Java Plate and Crustal Composition
JAVA BACK-ARC BASIN MODEL
NW Java Basinal Area (Noble, 1997)
NW JAVA BASINAL AREA
Basin and Subbasins
 NW JAVA BASINAL AREA
Fault Controlled Paleogene Basin Subbasins
NORTHEAST JAVA BASINS
NE JAVA BASINAL AREA
Paleogene Rift basins
Ne Java Basinal Area Major Tectonic Elements
NORTH MAKASSAR BASIN?
KUTEI BASIN AND NORTH MAKASSAR
BASIN
BANGGAI BASINAL AREA
Banggai-Sula Tectonic Development
Makassar Strait Bathymetry
DOANG BORDERLAND
Bone Basin
Geologic
Map
Bone Basin Cross-section
 BONE BASIN
TECTONIC
DEVELOPMENT
 Generalized
Stratigraphy of
NW Australian
Shelf
Irian Jaya Central Range Stratigraphy
 PASSIVE MARGIN BASIN
developing into a
CARBONATE PLATFORM

Contoh: Indonesia Timur –Australian continental margin

TOTAL SEDIMENT THICKNESS MAP OF EAST INDONESIA
EAST-CENTRAL INDONESIA SEDIMENTARY COVER
 Arafura
Major
Tectonic
elements
(Falvey)
 SAHUL SHELF
GRABEN BASIN
SYSTEM
EAST INDONESIA BASINS ARE COMPOSITE /POLY
BASINS

From top to bottom:

• Foreland basins (Neogene)
• Carbonate Platforms (Paleogene)
• Passive Margin Basins (Jurassic-Cretaceous)
• Rift Basins (Permian-Triassic)
• Infra-rift Basins
 CONCLUSIONS
• Usage of the term basin is confusing (a mixture of
physiographic, sedimentary and structural basins)
• To have a hydrocarbon potential outlining Indonesian basin
map should be based on the occurrence of sediment
thickness.
• Usage of the term basin, subbasins, troughs, lows is not
consistent
• Indonesian basins are composite or poly-basins
• For composite basins the term basinal areas is suggested
• Whenever possible the term basin should be restricted to a
single basin type according to plate-tectonic classification.
 What about hydrocarbon potential of the
60 basins of Indonesia ?
• Some of the basins are physiographic basins.
• The extent of some Pre-Tertiary basins are
inaccurate.
• Not all basins have the same hydrocarbon
potential depending of the type of basin and
related thermal history.