You are on page 1of 22

Reactivity Series of metal and carbon Siri Kereatifan Logam Dan Karbon

Sodium Most reactive Natrium Paling reaktif


Potassium Kasium
Calcium Kalsium
Magnesium Magnesium
Aluminium Aluminium
Zinc
Carbon Zinc
Karbon
Iron Ferum
Tin Timah (stanum)
Lead Plumbum
Copper Kuprum
Silver Argentum
Gold Least reactive Emas paling kurang
reaktif
Reactivity Series of metal and carbon Siri Kereatifan Logam Dan Karbon
1. Substances which is more reactive will get rid of 1. Bahan yang lebih reaktif akan menyingkirkan
oxygen from oxides of metal which is less reactive. oksigen daripada logam oksida yang kurang reaktif.

2. For example, carbon can replace zinc from zinc 2. Contohnya, karbon dapat menggantikan zink
oxide because carbon is more reactive than zinc. daripada zink oksida kerana karbon adalah lebih
reaktif daripada zink.
Carbon + Zinc oxide -------> Karbon + Zink oksida------->
3. Carbon cannot replace aluminium from aluminium 3. Karbon tidak dapat menggantikan aluminium
oxide because carbon is less reactive than daripada aluminium oksida kerana karbon kurang
aluminium. reaktif daripada aluminium.

Carbon + Aluminium oxide -------> Karbon + Aluminium oksida ------->


Application of Reactivity Series of metal Aplikasi Siri Kereatifan Logam

Method of Extraction of Metals Kaedah Pengekstrakan Logam


1. Depends on their positions in the reactivity 1. Bergantung kepada kedudukan mereka dalam siri
series. kereaktifan.

2. Metals placed below carbon in the reactivity 2. Logam yang terletak di bawah karbon di dalam siri
series can be extracted from their ores by heating kereaktifan boleh diekstrak daripada bijihnya dengan
their ores with carbon mamanaskan bijihnya dan karbon

3. Electrolysis is only used to extract metals from 3. Elektrolisis digunakan untuk mengekstrakan logam
their ores if the metals are more reactive than daripada bijihnya jika logam adalah lebih reaktif
carbon daripada karbon.
Application of Reactivity Series of metal Aplikasi Siri Kereatifan Logam
Extraction of Tin from tin ore Pengekstrakan Logam stanum daripada bijihnya

1. Tin ore (tin oxide) is added with coke (carbon) and 1. Bijih timah (stanum oksida) dicampurkan dengan kok
limestone (calcium carbonate) in the furnace at (karbon) dan batu kapur (kalsium karbonat) di dalam relau
temperature 1300℃-1400℃ pada suhu 1300 oC – 1400 oC.

2. Limestone is added to react with impurities to form 2. Batu kapur (kalsium karbonat) ditambah supaya bertindak
slag (to pave the road) balas dengan benda asing untuk menghasilkan sanga (turap
jalan).
3, The process of tin oxide is break down into tin and
carbon dioxide : REDUCTION 3. Proses stanum oksida membentuk stanum (timah) dan
karbon dioksida : PENURUNAN
4. Word equation:
4. Persamaan perkataan:
Electrolysis Electrolysis
Electrolysis : The decomposition of electrolytes by Electrolysis : proses penguraian elektrolit melalui
electric current elektrik

Energy change: Perubahan tenaga:


electrical energy ---> chemical energy tenaga elektrik ---> tenaga kimia

Usage of electrolysis in the industry: Kegunaan eletrolisis dalam industri:


1. Electroplating 1. Penyaduran
2. Purification 2. penulenan
3. Extraction of metal 3. pengekstrakan logam
Electrolysis Electrolisis

Term Explanation Istilah Penjelasan

Electrolyte a substances (in liquid or molten Elektrolit a substances (in liquid or molten
state) that allows electricity to state) that allows electricity to
flow through it. flow through it.
Electrode carbon rod or platinum sheet Elektrod carbon rod or platinum sheet
dipped in the electrolyte dipped in the electrolyte
Anode positive electrode connected to Anode positive electrode connected to
the positive source of the battery the positive source of the battery
Cathode negative electrode connected to Katode negative electrode connected to
the negative source of the battery the negative source of the battery
Anions negative ions that are attracted to Anion negative ions that are attracted to
the anode the anode
Cations positive ions that are attracted to Kation positive ions that are attracted to
the cathode the cathode
Electrolysis Electrolisis

The process that occurs during electrolysis Proses yang berlaku semasa electrolisis
1. Cations are attracted to the cathode. At the cathode, 1. Kation ditarik kepada/ bergerak ke katod. Pada katod,
cations receive electrons and are discharged to kation menerima elektron dan dinyahcaj untuk menjadi
form neutral atoms. neutral

2. Anions are attracted to the anode. At the anode, anions 2. Anion ditarik kepada/ bergerak ke anod. Pada anod, anion
release electrons and are discharged to form melepaskan elektron dan dinyahcaj untuk menjadi atom
neutral atoms neutral

3. Movement of these ions will complete the circuit. 3. Pergerakan ion-ion ini akan melengkapkan litar.
Electrolysis Electrolisis

Anode Cathode Anode Cathode


Bromide anions are attracted to the Lead (II) cation is attracted to the Anion bromida akan tertarik ke anod Kation plumbum (II) akan tertarik ke
anode cathode katod

Bromide ion that lost its electron Lead (II) ion receive electron and Ion bromida yang kehilangan elektron Ion plumbum (II) menerima elektron
become bromine and combined to become lead atom akan menjadi atom bromin dan dan menjadi atom plumbum
form bromine gas seterusnya bergabung menjadi gas
bromin
Bromide ion --> bromine atom + Lead (II) ion + electron -> lead atom
electron Ion bromida --> atom bromida+ Ion plumbum(II) + elektron -> atom
elektron plumbum
Bromine Bromine Bromine Lead metal which shiny grey coloured
atom atom molecule is formed. Bromine Bromine Molekul Logam plumbum berwarna kelabu
atom atom Bromin berkilat terhasil
Bromine gas is released
Gas bromin dilepaskan
Electroplating Penyaduran

Aim : prevent rusting and corrosion, repair surface Tujuan : mengelakkan berkarat dan hakisan,
Cathode : electroplating metal membaiki permukaan
Anode : object which is desired to be electroplated Katod : logam penyadur
Electrolyte : ion compound which contained ion of Anod: objek yang diingini untuk disadur
electroplating metal Elektrolit : sebatian ionik yang mengandungi ion
logam penyadur

Process Proses
1. Silver sheet dissolves to produce silver ion 1. Kepingan argentum melarut untuk menghasilkan
(positively charged) ion argentum (bercas positif)
2. Silver ions will move to at cathode and received 2. Ion argentum ini akan bergerak ke arah loket di
the electrons to form silver metal that electroplate katod dan menerima elektron darinya untuk
the pendant. membentuk logam argentum yang menyaduri loket
itu.
Purification Penulenan logam

Aim : Purify the impure metal Tujuan : menulenkan logam tidak tulen
Cathode : Pure metal Katod : logam tulen
Anode : Impure metal Anod: logam tidak tulen
Electrolyte : compound which contained ion of Elektrolit : sebatian yang mengandungi ion logam
impure metal tidak tulen

Process Proses
1. Impure silver at anode dissolves and formed 1. Argentum tidak tulen pada anod melarut dan
silver ion (Positively charged) menghasilkan ion argentum (bercas positif)
2. Impure silver electrode become thinner. 2. Elektrod argentum tidak tulen akan menipis.
3.Silver ions move to pure silver at cathode and 3. Ion argentum bergerak ke argentum tulen di
receive electons to form pure silver at the surface of katod dan menerima elektron untuk membentuk
pure silver. logam tulen pada permukaan argentum tulen.
4. Mass of pure silver electrode increase 4. Jisim elektrod argentum tulen menambah,
Extraction of metal Pengekstrakan logan

Aim : Extract metal from its ore Tujuan : mengekstrak logam dari bijihnya
Cathode and anode : Carbon Katod dan anod: Karbon
Electrolyte : compound which contained the metal Elektrolit : sebatian yang mengandungi ion logam

Process Proses
Cathode Katod
1. Positively charged ions of aluminium move to negatively 1. Ion aluminium yang bercas positif bergerak ke katod
charged at lower part of container. yang bercas negatif di bahagian bawah bekas
2. Aluminium ions receive electrons to form melted 2. Ion aluminium menerima elektron untuk membentuk
aluminium metal logam aluminium lebur.
3. The metal precipated at the bottom of container and 3. Logam terenap di dasar bekas dan dileluarkan melalui
flow out through the pipe. saluran paip

Anode Anod
1. Negatively charged ions of oxygen move to positively 1. Ion of oksigen yang bercas negatif bergerak ke anod yang
charged anode to upper part of container. bercas positif di bahagian atas bekas
2. The ions release electron to form oxygen gas. 2. Ion melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk gas oksigen.
3. Gas bubbles are then formed at anode 3. Gelembung gas oksigen terbentuk pada anod.
Simple Cell Sel Ringkas

Cathode : less reactive metal (copper) Katod : logam yang kurang reaktif (kuprum)
Anode : more reactive metal (zinc) Anod : logam yang lebih reaktif (zink)
Observation : Needle of voltmeter Permerhatian : Needle of voltmeter
Inference : Electrical energy is produced Inferens : Tenaga electrik dihasilkan
Energy change : chemical energy -> electrical energy Perubahan tenaga : tenaga kimia -> tenaga elektrik

A SIMPLE CELL consists of 2 metal electrodes which are different SEL RINGKAS terdiri daripada 2 elektrod logam yang berbeza
in reactivity and immersed in electrolyte. dalam siri kereaktifan dan dicelup dalam elektrolit.

Electrons flow from reactive metal to less reactive metal and Elektron mengalir daripada logam reaktif ke logam yang kurang
this produces electric current. reaktif dan ini menghasilkan arus elektrik

The polarity of the cell depends on the positions of the 2 metals in Kekutuban sel bergantung kepada kedudukan 2 logam dalam siri
the reactivity series kereaktifan.
Simple Cell Sel Ringkas
Most reactive metal Logam yang paling reaktif
Magnesium Magnesium
Zinc Zink
Low Iron (ferum) Nilai Ferum
HIgh Nilai voltan
voltage Tin voltan Stanium
Lead
voltage Plumbum
tinggi
rendah
Copper Kuprum
Silver Argentum
Less reactive metal Logam yang kurang reaktif
The further the distance of metal in reactivity series, the Semakin jauh jarak logam di dalam siri kereaktifan,
bigger the voltage is produced. semakin tinggi nilai voltan yang dihasilkan.

Battery stores chemical energy and can be changed to Bateri menyimpan tenaga kimia dan boleh diubah menjadi
electrical energy. tenaga elektrik.

There are 5 types of battery used 5 jenis bateri yang digunakan


1. Dry cell 1. Sel kering
2. Mercury cell 2. Sel merkuri
3. Alkaline cell 3. Sel alkali
4. Lead-acid accumulator 4. Akumulator asid plumbumLead-acid accumulator
5. Nickel-cadmium cell 5. Sel Nikel-Kadmium
Type of cell Users Advantages Disadvantages

Dry cell radios,torches, toys, Light and can be found in Cannot last long
electric variety of sizes The electric current
shavers, cameras, alarm Electrolytes cannot spill that is produced is small
clock The current produced is firm Cannot be recharged
because polarization is overcomed when it is fully discharged

Lead-acid cars, lorries, and Can be recharged Heavy and difficult to carry
accumulator hospital emergency The current and voltage It can be easily spoilt and can
equipment produced are large and constant lose its charge if it is not used
Long lasting for a long time
Its electrolyte cell spill easily

Alkaline clocks and games Long lasting Non rechargeable


battery equipment The current andvoltage
produced are large and constant

silver oxide- watches, calculators and Small in size and easy to carry Expensive
mercury hearing aids The current and voltage non rechargeable
battery produced are large and constant
Long lasting
nickel electronic devices It can be recharged it is expensive
cadmium Long lasting
battery
Jenis sel Kegunaan Kelebihan Kekurangan

Sel kering radio, lampu suluh, alat Ringan dan dapat dijumpai di Tidak tahan lama
mainan, pencukur dalam saiz yang berlainan Arus elektrik yang dihasilkan
elektrik, kamera, jam Elektrolit tidak akan tumpah adalah kecil.
loceng Arus yang dihasilkan adalah Tidak dicaj semula
tetap kerana polarisasi diatasi
Akumulator asid- kereta, lori dan peralatan Boleh dicaj semula Berat dan susah diangkat
plumbum kecemasan hospital Arus dan voltan dihasilkan Mudah rosak dan kehilangan
adalah besar dan tetap cas-casnya sekiranya tidak
tahan lama digunakan selama masa yang
panjang
Elektrolit mudah tumpah.
Bateri alkali jam dan peralatan Tahan lama Tidak boleh dicaj semula
permainan Arus dan voltan dihasilkan
adalah besar dan tetap

Sel Merkuri jam tangan, kalkulator Kecil dan senang dibawa Mahal
dan alat pendengaran Arus dan voltan dihasilkan Tidak boleh dicaj semula
adalah besar dan tetap
Tahan lama

Bateri nikel- alat elektronik Boleh dicaj semula Mahal


kadmium Tahan lama
Chemical reaction in the presence of light Tindak balas kimia dalam kehadiran cahaya

carbon dioxide karbon dioksida


light cahaya
oxygen oksigen

water air
product hasil

glucose glukosa
chlorophyll klorofil
change into starch bertukar kepada kanji

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to break down water Klorofil menyerap tenaga cahaya untuk menguraikan
molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. molekul air kepada hidrogen dan oksigen.

WORD EQUATION PERSAMAAN PERKATAAN

Importance: To maintain the percentage of composition Kepentingan: Untuk mengekalkan peratusan komposisi
of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and to oksigen dan karbon dioksida dalam atmosfera dan untuk
provide food to plants. membekalkan makanan kepada tumbuhan
Chemical reaction in the presence of light Tindak balas kimia dalam kehadiran cahaya

Photo-sensitive substances is chemicals that Bahan kimia fotosensitif ialah bahan kimiayang
sensitive to the light. sensitif kepada cahaya
Example : Silver bromide, silver chloride, hydrogen Contoh: Argentum bromida, argentum klorida,
peroxide. hidrogen peroksida

Reaction Reaction

Silver bromide silver + bromine Argentum bromida argentum + bromin


light cahaya
How photographic films are made Bagaimana filem fotografi dibuat
1. Photographic films are made of plastic strips covered 1. Filem fotografi dibuat daripada strip plastik yang diliputi
with an emulsion consisting of gelatin and silver oleh emulsi mengandungi gelatin dan hablur argentum
bromide crystals bromida.
2. To snap a picture, the film must exposed to light 2. Untuk merakam gambar, filem mesti terdedah kepada
3. The part of the film that is exposed to light will undergo cahaya.
chemical reaction 3. Bahagian filem yang terdedah kepada cahaya akan
4. The exposed film is then processed by using sodium menjalankan tindak balas kimia.
thiosulphate solution to remove the unexposed layer 4. Filem yang terdedah diproseskan dengan menggunakan
5. The product is a negative image on the photographic larutan natrium thiosulfat untuk menyingkirkan lapisan
film. yang tidak terdedah.
5. Produk adalah imej negatif atas filem fotografi.
Chemical reaction in the presence of light Tindak balas kimia dalam kehadiran cahaya
Importance Kepentingan
1. Film must be wrapped in black plastic wrapper or put in Filem mesti dibungkus dengan pembungkus plastik hitam
a black box to prevent it from exposed to light atau dimasukkan ke dalam kotak hitam untuk mencegahnya
2. Some medicine must be stored in dark bottles to terkena cahaya
prevent them from being spoilt 2. Sesetengah ubat mesti disimpan di dalam botol gelap
untuk mengelakkannya daripada rosak

You might also like