ANALYSIS OF SELF PURIFICATION

CAPACITY OF SUTLEJ RIVER

Presented by :- Riaz Pinjari

Rahul Giri
Rahul singh
CONTENT

 1 INTRODUCTION
 2 WHY
 3 NEED TO TREAT THE WASTE WATER
 4 IN DETAIL
 5 LOCATION OF BUDHA NALLAH & SUTLEJ RIVER
 6 STANDARDS FOR TREATMENT
 7 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
 8 METHODOLOGY
 9 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

 Self-Purification is an simple process that happens in flowing water bodies

naturally to purify its water through natural processes
 Like decomposition , sedimentation and coagulation to work on polluted water
that consists of various impurities of different nature
 Like organic and inorganic for instance
 Organic compounds of complex stage are degraded from microorganisms in to
simple compounds
 Inorganic compounds are settled at the base level of water because of gravity
forces acting on them.
INTRODUCTION

 So we are finding the capacity of Sutlej river’s self–purification ability .

 We know that Sutlej river is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the
Punjab region so we have taken this as our river to analyse .
 We are calculating the effect of the budha nallah which is flowing from the all
industrial and residential areas carrying all kind of impurities and pollutants.
Why we are doing this project ?

 We know that we in India we use dilution and land disposal for sewage
disposal
 And in a region like Punjab were more surface water resources people kind
of dump sewage mostly in to water bodies like rivers
 And rivers are one of those sources for fresh water so we certaintly can’t
pollute them.
 So we are measuring the capacity of the Sutlej river which could bear the
waste water in it with out causing any problems for the people consuming
its water.
NEED TO TREAT THE WASTE WATER

 To prevent groundwater pollution

 To prevent sea shore from polluting
 To prevent soil to get polluted
 To prevent marine life from dying
 Protection of public health
 To reuse the treated effluent for agriculture for groundwater recharge of industrials recycle
 Solving social problems caused by the accumulation of wastewater
 Protecting the environment
IN DETAIL

 ZONES OF POLLUTION : -
A polluted stream undergoing self-purification presents the following
 (1).ZONES OF DEGRADATION:
This usually occurs below the output sewer when discharge its contents into the stream.
The zone is characterized by water becoming dark and turbid with the formation of
sludge deposits on the bottom. Dissolved oxygen gets reduced to 40%. There is an
increase in the carbon dioxide content, reiteration occurs but is slower than
deoxygenating. Conditions are unfavourable to the development of aquatic life; fungi at
higher, points and bacteria at lower points breed small worms, which “work over” and
stabilize the sewage sludge
IN DETAIL

 (2) ZONES OF ACTIVE DECOMPOSITION

 This is marked by heavy pollution. It is characterized by the absence of dissolved oxygen;
water is greyish and darker with active anaerobic organic decomposition accompanying
and with the evolution of methane (CH4), Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), Carbon dioxide
(CO2) and Nitrogen (N2), bubbling to the surface with masses of sludge forming black
scum. Fish life is practically absent, fungi and bacteria disappear. As the organic
decomposition slackens, reaction sets in and D.O. again rises to its original level (i.e. 40%).
IN DETAIL

 (3) ZONE OF RECOVERY:

 In this zone the stream tries to recover its former appearance. Most of the
organic matter has been settled as sludge, B.O.D. falls and the D.O.
content rises above 40% microscopic aquatic life reappears. Water
becomes clearer, fungi decrease and algae reappear. Mineralization is
active and products such as nitrates, sulphates, and carbonates are
formed.
IN DETAIL

 (4) CLEAR WATER ZONE:

 In this the natural stream condition is restored, the D.O. is higher than the BOD oxygen
balance (D.O. minus total B.O.D. in the first stage) is attained and recovery is said to be
complete. Water becomes attractive in appearance.
IN DETAIL

 (5) THE OXYGEN SAG:

 As sewage is discharged into a body of water, there is at first a depletion of the
dissolved oxygen content of the diluting water in order to meet the biological
requirement (BOD) of the organic sewage. This is termed as deoxygenating and
closely follows the progress of BOD of polluted water. For that reason, it is also
sometimes referred as BOD reaction. The rate of deoxygenating depends in an
alike manner upon
 (i) volume and BOD of the sewage,
 (ii) time available for decomposition and (iii) temperature of the diluting water.
IN DETAIL

 ( 1) Buddha Nallah:
 It runs parallel to Sutlej, on its south for fairly large section of its course in the district and
ultimately joins Sutlej at Gorsian Kadar Baksh in the north western corner of the district.
Ludhiana and Machhiwara are situated to the south of the Budha Nallah.
 The water of the stream becomes polluted after it enters Ludhiana City. With the
industrialization/ urbanization of the area
 Buddha Nallah has become the sullage/ sewage as well as industrial effluent carrier
for the Ludhiana city leading to River Sutlej.
 The Punjab Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring the quality of water flowing in
the Buddha Nallah as well as in River Sutlej upstream and downstream of the
confluence point of Buddha Nallah.
IN DETAIL

 ( 1) Buddha Nallah:
 It is clear that the sewage along with industrial effluent being carried by Buddha Nallah is
impacting the water quality in river Sutlej to a large extent
 The Buddha Nallah is carrying about 550 MLD of effluent to river Sutlej, out of
which 200 MLD is trade effluent mainly from dyeing units and the rest is domestic
effluent.
LOCATION OF BUDHA NALLAH
LOCATION OF SUTLEJ RIVER
Standards for treatment
IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

 The implementation of a project of this magnitude over the entire 2,500 km stretch of the
river, covering 25 towns and crossing three different provinces, could only be
achieved by delegating the actual implementation to the state government agencies .
 which had the appropriate capabilities. The state governments also undertook the
responsibility of subsequently operating and maintaining the assets being created under
the program .
 However, some of the major Sewage treatment plants (STPs) could not be completed
in the original time frame.
 The delays in the completion of these major plants were unavoidable because treatment
plants of such large capacity for domestic wastewater were being built for the first time in
the country.
IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

 The involvement of the external aid agencies was initially useful in introducing new
technologies, such as chrome recovery plants for tannery wastewaters, Low energy
input technologies like the UASB
 However, the involvement of aid agencies, with their associated mandatory procedures,
also added to the complexities of decision-making, especially in the large STP projects
 Therefore, project schedules had to be relaxed several times. Of the original 261 sub-
projects, 95 per cent are now and functioning satisfactorily.
 The remaining projects are mainly STPs and are in progress, due to be completed by 1998.
METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY

 After having the all values required for calculation.

 We find the combined concentration of both budha nallah and the Sutlej river

 C = 3.63 mg/l
 V = 0.6902 m/s
METHODOLOGY

 Tc = 7.04 days
 Distance =velocity of river * travel time
=(0.6902 m/s) * (7.05 *24 * 60 *60 sec)
=420414 meters
=420.414 km.
 Most critical deficit will occur at 7.05 days and at 420.414 kms.
CONCLUSION

 River Sutlej has a natural but limited capacity to purify itself from the numerous pollutants
entering it mainly as an end result of human activities
 Activities which include industrial effluent disposal, domestic wastes and
economic activities.
 This capacity for auto-purification is enhanced through an unobstructed flow velocity
downstream of the river channel.
 However, the limitations of the potential for natural self-purification processes of this
river are occasioned by relatively high ambient and water temperatures.
 This situation is further compounded when wastes that are high in BOD are
released into the water body
CONCLUSION

 These wastes quickly deplete the DO level of the river further.

 The industrial effluent being discharged into the river is highly acidic. This may be
responsible for the low presence of biodiversity in the river
 Also, this acidic effluent could kill off all the micro-organisms that are responsible for
breaking down the organic wastes in the river.
 The importance of River Sutlej to human life requires that protective measures that
will further enhance the auto-purification capacity of River Sutlej needs to be
taken.
 Some of these measures may include the activation of existing environmental
laws in the enforcement of effluent quality standards.
CONCLUSION

 As per our calculations after disposing 600 MLD the effluent takes 7.04 days and 420.414
kms for effluent to get neutralized
 So once the 600MLD is disposed it has to wait 7 whole days to dispose again in the river
but that’s not happening
 Right until more STP’S are installed and operated effectively it really difficult
for Sutlej river water to be pollution free.