Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3 2
(deoxyribose), phosphate, and
O
nitrogenous bases adenine (A),
O P O-
guanine (G), thymine (T),
5’-3’ direction
O A
cytosine (C). 5
CH2 O
"Backbone" is deoxyribose- 4 1
3 2
phosphate
O
Start at the Carbon 5 of the first
O P O-
sugar: PO4-5’-3’-PO4-5’-3’-PO4- C
O
5’-3’-OH 5
CH2 O
This is referred to as the 5’-3’ 4 1
3 2
direction
OH
DNA is
double stranded
Strands held together by
hydrogen bonds between
A-T and C-G
Strands are directional,
complementary and
antiparallel
DNA replication
One “parental” double
stranded DNA molecule to
two identical “daughter”
molecules (semi-
conservative)
How
DNA unwinds and strands
are separated (replication
fork)
Free nucleotides are
matched to exposed bases
DNA polymerase joins
nucleotides
New and original strands
rewind
Addition of nucleotides
DNA polymerase
only adds
nucleotides to
the 3’ end of
DNA
Synthesis
requires energy
(gained from
hydrolysis of
phosphate
bonds)
Events at the replication fork
3’
5’
Information in DNA
is transcribed into
RNA
Information in RNA
is translated into
proteins
Transcription
5’ 3’
What purpose do introns serve?
Translation
mRNA is translated in
codons (3 nucleotides)
Each codon specifies
an amino acid in the
protein
The genetic code is
degenerate, that is
more than one codon
codes for one amino
acid
Translation occurs on ribosomes
Translation occurs on ribosomes
The ribosome recognizes the
mRNA through a
ribosome binding site
on the mRNA
Starts (AUG) and stops
(UAA, UAG, UGA)
tRNAs are used to
translate codons into
amino acid sequence
The first codon AUG is
recognized by the tRNA
carrying formyl
methionine. This tRNA
moves to the P site and
the second tRNA moves
into the A site
An enzyme catalyzes the
formation of a peptide
bond between amino
acids 1 and 2 on tRNA 2
The empty tRNA 1 is
released from via the
E site. The mRNA
moves along one
codon so that tRNA 2
moves from the A site
to the P site