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(b) metals: Mn, Mo, Co, Cr, V, Ni, Cd, Sn, Pb, Li
Concentration and physiological
effect
Effect
Conc
Lack of element Deficiency Optimal supply Excess Toxic dose
(Death) (Disease) (Disease) (Death)
Metals essential for life:
Mg2+
3Na+ic + 2K+ec + ATP4- + H2O
Zn: Metalloenzymes
Structure promoters
Lewis acid
Not a redox catalyst!
Cu(I), Cu(II)
Protection of DNA
Plants Electron transfer
Animals O2-carrying from O2-
[Hb (O 2 ) 4 ]
K Hb
[Hb ][O 2 ]2.8
• The Bohr effect.
– Increased acidity favors the
release of O2 from Hb(O2)4
Myoglobin
• Made up of one heme unit connected to a
polypeptide chain.
• The polypeptide chain in Mb is coordinated to
iron atom of the heme group through N-atom
of histidine.
• Molar mass is about 17000.
Metalloporphyrins
• Porphine ligand is a ring system. It is made of
four pyrole rings.
• These pyroles are linked together by methene
bridges .
• It has conjugated double bonds.
Porphyrins and Related Complexes in
Bioinorganic Molecules
• A porphine ring has a square planar geometry with a
“pocket” in the center.
• A metalloporphyrin complex can result by
incorporating a metal atom into the pocket.
– Axial sites are available for other ligands.
• Structure, specificity, and reactivity are changed by
differing the side chains, metal ions, and surrounding
species.
Porphyrins
Porphine has four N atoms are donor atoms.
If two protons present in two NH groups are removed,
then all four N atoms can be coordinated to M2+
metallic ions (M2+ = Mg2+, Fe2+, Ni2+ etc.) to form
complexes known as metalloporphyrins.
Heme and chlorophyll are two important
metalloporphyrins.
The porphyrins can accept two hydrogen ions to form+2 diacids or donate
two protons to form -2 dianions
Enzyme Function
Heme B group of hemoglobin. An iron (Fe) atom in the middle is shown in red,
complexed to four interior nitrogen atoms shown in blue.
Hemoglobin and myoglobin
O2 does not easily diffuse in muscle and O2 is toxic to biological systems, so living
systems have developed a way around this.
They are involved in more than one role, with, for example, Mg/Ca ion pumps