RESEARCH DATA BOOK

Research Data Book

Should contain the following with
ALL ENTRIES DATED
ALL PAGES SEQUENTIALLY NUMBERED

 Information research records

 Research activities (diary/journal)
 Approved Research Plan
 Data tables (with appropriate units)
 Print-outs from analytical equipment and the like
 Pictures taken by researchers
Research Data Book
There are rules regarding errors in record keeping.
- Cross-out instead of erasing, correction initialled/dated
- Tearing off pages not allowed
- Blank/Empty page sections crossed out with notation “no
entry”.

Accurate & detailed notes are essential in writing a logical

and winning project.

Good notes show consistency and thoroughness to judges

TECHNICAL PAPER
FORMAT OF TECHNICAL PAPER

• Paper Size: Letter (8 ½” x 11”)

• Paper Orientation: Portrait

• Margins:
• Right and Bottom: 1”
• Top & Left: 1.5”
• Font/ Typeface
• Fontstyle: Times New Roman
• Fontsize: 12
FORMAT OF TECHNICAL PAPER

• Text Alignment
• Title: Center
• Subtopic: Left
• Body: Justify
• Spacing
• Single: Title, Table Title and Heading, Figure Captions,
and References
• 1.5: Body
• Triple: After Chapter Titles, Before major subheadings,
in between paragraph, before and after tables in the text
FORMAT OF TECHNICAL PAPER

• Paper Number: All pages except for chapter pages.

Page number should appear at least 1” from the right
hand page, in the space between the top edge and
first line of the text.

• Indention: First line of the paragraph, five to

seven spaces/ ½ inch
CONTENT OF TECHNICAL PAPER

• Title Page
• Approval Sheet
• Acknowledgment
• Dedication
• Abstract
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
CONTENT OF TECHNICAL PAPER

• Chapter I: Introduction
• Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
• Chapter III: Methodology
• Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
• Chapter V: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and
Recommendations
• Bibliography
• Appendices
TITLE

• Contains as few words as possible (at most 25)

• Describes the subject as specifically as possible
• Avoids abbreviations, formulas and jargon
• Should be interestingly stimulating
TITLE

• Summary from the content of the entire

investigation.
• Frame of reference for the whole thesis.
• Enables the researcher to claim the title as it
his own.
• Helps other researchers to refer to the work for
possible survey of theory.
 In-Vitro Predation of Assassin Bug, Eocanthecona
furcellata Wolff as Biocontrol Agent against
Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata F.

A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of Science and Technology Department
Negros Occidental High School, Bacolod City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for Graduation

by
CHRISTIAN PADILLA
April 1, 2016
SAMPLE TITLES

The Effects of Allium sativum on the

Development and Meat Quality of Gallus
domesticus

Using Nanotechnology as an Anticancer Agent:

Anticancer Effect of Catechin – coated Iron
Oxide Nano Particles on Leukemic Monocytes
SAMPLE TITLES

Active Human Brain Regions during Sleep using

Electroencephalography – Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging

Development of Environment – Friendly Car

Model that Generates Electric Energy
SAMPLE TITLES

The Effect of Hyaluronic Acid and Glucose

Concentration on Hyaluronidase Activity of Wound
Pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
agalactiae Isolated from Chronic Wounds

A Comparative Study of the Antimicrobial and

Synergistic Properties of Select Essential Oils and
Clinical Disinfectants against Gram – positive and
Gram – negative Clinical Isolates in vitro, Year III
ABSTRACT

 A brief, written explanation of the research project,

consisting of a succinct description of the project’s
purpose, the procedures followed, the data
collected, and the conclusions reached.
 A clear and simple summary statement of the main
points of the experiment
 An abstract gives the essence of the project in a
brief but complete form to the panelists and the
public viewing the project.
ABSTRACT

• The maximum length for an abstract is 350

words.
• The abstract is typed in block form and in
single space.
ABSTRACT

• It should include the following:

• Problem under investigation, in one sentence if
possible;
• Participants/ subject, specifying pertinent
characteristics;
• Essential features of the research methods;
• Findings including statistical significance
levels; and
• Conclusions and recommendations
Effects of Marine Engine Exhaust Water on Algae
Mary E. Jones
Hometown High School, Hometown, PA
This project in its present form is the result of bioassay experimentation on the effects of
two-cycle marine engine exhaust water on certain green algae. The initial idea was to
Purpose
determine the toxicity of outboard engine lubricant. Some success with lubricants
eventually led to the formulation of "synthetic" exhaust water which, in turn, led to the use
of actual two-cycle engine exhaust water as the test substance.
Methods
Toxicity was determined by means of the standard bottle or "batch" bioassay technique.
Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus sp. were used as the test organisms.
Toxicity was measured in terms of a decrease in the maximum standing crop. The effective
concentration - 50% (EC 50) for Scenedesmus quadricauda was found to be 3.75% exhaust
water; for Ankistrodesmus sp. 3.1% exhaust water using the bottle technique.
Data
Anomalies in growth curves raised the suspicion that evaporation was affecting the
Observations
results; therefore, a flow-through system was improvised utilizing the characteristics of a
device called a Biomonitor. Use of the Biomonitor lessened the influence of evaporation,
and the EC 50 was found to be 1.4% exhaust water using Ankistrodesmus sp. as the test
organism. Mixed populations of various algae gave an EC 50 of 1.28% exhaust water.
Conclusions
The contributions of this project are twofold. First, the toxicity of two-cycle marine engine Applications
exhaust was found to be considerably greater than reported in the literature (1.4% vs.
4.2%). Secondly, the benefits of a flow-through bioassay technique utilizing the Biomonitor
was demonstrated.
Title
Name
School
Purpose of project / experiment:
An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project.
A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied.
Summarize procedures, emphasizing the key points or steps:
A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the investigation was conducted.
Omit details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be
developed to do the investigation.
An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such
as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be included.
Detail succinctly observations/data/results:
This section should provide key results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn.
It should not give too many details about the results nor include charts or graphs.

State conclusions/applications.
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

• Chapter I: Introduction
• Background of the Study
• Statement of the Problem
• Statement of Hypothesis
• Significance of the Study
• Definition of Terms
• Scope and Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

According to Variables
Related Literature
Related Studies
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

• Chapter III: Research Methodology

• Research Design
• Gathering of Materials
• General Procedure/Treatments
• Data Gathering and Statistical Tools Used
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

• Chapter III: Methodology

• Details of methodology used in collecting
data, making observations, designing
apparatus, etc. (research techniques) so that
someone can repeat the experiment.
• Include detailed photographs or drawings of
self-designed instruments.
• Include flowchart of the methodology
CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

• Results
• Include data and analysis. Tabulate data
whenever possible. Report only relevant data.
• Include statistics, graphs, pages with raw
collected data, etc.
• Summarize results and analysis trough tables,
graphs or diagrams.
• Avoid too many small tables of closely related
data which can be put together in one table for a
more comprehensive picture of results.
CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

• Discussion (Essence of the paper)

• Comparison of results with theoretical values,
published data, commonly held beliefs, expected
results. Include discussion of possible errors.
• Discuss each table, graph or diagram presented.
• Point out relationships, implications and other
generalizations that can be derived from the data.
• Literature in Chapter 2 that is pertinent to each
finding.
• Any defect in the methodology that may have
affected the research outcome.
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Chapter V: Summary of Findings,

Conclusions and Recommendations
• Summary of Findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
LITERATURE, REFERENCES
AND CITATIONS
ETHICAL STATEMENT

“SCIENTIFIC FRAUD AND MISCONDUCT ARE NOT CONDONED AT ANY

LEVEL OF RESEARCH OR COMPETITION”

“SUCH PRACTICES INCLUDE PLAGIARISM, FORGERY, USE OR

PRESENTATION OF OTHER RESEARCHER’S WORK AS ONE’S OWN AND
FABRICATION OF DATA”

“FRAUDULENT PROJECTS WILL FAIL TO QUALIFY FOR COMPETITION IN

THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FAIR”
What is PLAGIARISM?

The Webster Online Dictionary, to “plagiarise” means:

To steal & pass off (the ideas or words of another) as

one’s own
To use (another’s production) without crediting the
source
To commit literary theft
What is PLAGIARISM?

“is the act of taking another person's writing,

conversation, song, or even idea and passing it off as
your own… includes information from web pages,
books, songs, television shows, email messages,
interviews, articles, artworks or any other medium”
How to avoid PLAGIARISM?

1) Paraphrase- is a re-expression of someone

else's ideas in your own words

• incorrect paraphrase is perhaps the most

common type of 'accidental' plagiarism’
• It is important to recognize that paraphrased
material must be credited.
“I am just an ordinary person with
extraordinary ambitions”

Based on the speech of Mr. Russell N.

Gorre during the Commencement
Exercise in 2013
Intellectual honesty is the admission that
humanity is linked together in a kind of
collective learning process.

By Hoemann, G.(1998) in the article “Style

why cite?”
 Original text
Intellectual honesty is the admission that
humanity is linked together in a kind of
collective learning process. Very little is
discovered "de novo," that is, without a
solid foundation in other researchers'
previous exploration and understanding.
Citation is an act of humility and an act
of appreciation for what other scholars
have pieced together about the nature of
a particular problem or an aspect of some
phenomenon.
Hoemann, G. (1998). Style why cite? Retrieved
October 3, 2000 from
http://web.utk.edu/~hoemann/why.html
Example of Unacceptable Paraphrase
Intellectual honesty is the admission
that humanity is linked together in a
kind of joint learning process. Not very
much is discovered new without really
understanding other scholars' previous
research and knowledge. Citing shows
you are grateful and appreciate what
other researchers have figured out
about a particular issue.
This paraphrase is considered plagiarism because:
•it only makes trivial changes such as:
and
•it doesn't cite the source for either the paraphrased or the directly
copied information.

Original text < Paraphrase

collective learning process → joint learning process

de novo → new
researchers’ previous→ scholars’ previous research
exploration
what other scholars have pieced→ what other researchers
together have figured out
 Example of Correct Paraphrase
Hoemann (2000) says that there is
very little absolutely new
knowledge. Most of our discoveries
take advantage of work done by
those who have gone before us. The
process of learning is, in fact, a long
tradition passed on from generation
to generation. Acknowledging the
source of ideas gives recognition to
the contributions of others in this
tradition and is, as Hoemann says,
an “act of humility.”
This paraphrase is
acceptable because it:
• accurately conveys the
information,
• re-expresses it in
substantially different
words and phrases,
• identifies where words
are exactly copied from
the original, and
• cites the original source
of the information.
How to avoid PLAGIARISM?

• 2) Common Knowledge
• *two criteria most commonly used in deciding
whether or not something is common knowledge :
• quantity: the fact can be found in numerous
places and ubiquity: it is likely to be known by a
lot of people.
-Ideally both conditions are true.
• -third criteria : the information can be easily
found in a general reference source
How to avoid PLAGIARISM?

• 3) Internet/Online sources
• “Cutting and pasting is also the common
cause of ‘Frankenstein’ papers where copied
text is sewn together with little bits of
original connecting prose”
***Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2008). Is it
plagiarism yet?. Retrieved February 8, 2014 from
• http://http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/02
As a summary….

You need to cite your source, even if:

• you put all direct quotes in quotation marks.
• you changed the words used by the author into
synonyms.
• you completely paraphrased the ideas to which
you referred.
• your sentence is mostly made up of your own
thoughts, but contains a reference to the
author’s ideas.
TEXT CITATIONS

• Text Citation Basis: APA (6th edition)

referencing style sheet

• American Psychological Association (APA)

uses an author-date style
ONE AUTHOR

The fate of conducting proper and correct

investigatory projects lies in the hands of
motivated and committed Science teachers
(Uguil, 2014).
MULTIPLE AUTHORS

The fate of conducting proper and correct SIPs lies in

the hands of motivated and committed Science
teachers (Uguil & Rivera, 2014).

The fate… *(Uguil, Rivera & Villagracia, 2014)

The fate … (Uguil, Rivera, Villagracia & Gorre, 2014).

MULTIPLE AUTHORS

Treatment of multiple authors:

• two authors, cite both authors every time.

• three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first

time a reference occurs
• in succeeding citations, include only the surname of the
first author followed by et al.

• six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first

author followed by et al. and the year of publication
for the first and succeeding citations.
 STYLE IN TEXT CITATIONS

Parenthetical citation at the start, within or at the end of the

sentence
a) Salcedo (2014) advocates that the regular conduct of
investigatory projects in science classes opens avenues for
students to experience real science learning.
b) The regular conduct of investigatory projects in science
classes opens avenues for students to experience “hands-
on science” (Salcedo, 2014) which is a potent strategy for
relevant learning.
c) True science learning can only be achieved when students
conduct investigatory projects in their science classes
(Salcedo, 2014).
REFERENCING

REFERENCE LIST/BIBLIOGRAPHY
• should contain full details of all the sources
mentioned in the text, arranged
alphabetically by surname of first author
REFERENCING

1) Book
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication).
Title (xx ed. if not the first). Place of publication:
Publisher.

Aponte, R.V. (2014). The story of SIPs

(4th ed.). Iloilo: Ronilo Press.
REFERENCING

2) Book with two authors / editors

Authors’ names. (Year of publication).
Title (xx ed. if not the first). Place of
publication: Publisher.

Aponte, R.V, & Mosura, E.F. (2014). The story of

SIPs (4th ed.). Iloilo: Ronilo Press.
REFERENCING

3) Book with editor(s) instead of author(s)

Editor’s surname, Initials. (Ed.). (Year of
publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Place
of publication: Publisher.

Aponte, R. V. (Ed.). (2014). The story of

SIPs (4th ed.). Iloilo: Ronilo Press.
REFERENCING

4) Book with corporate author

Corporate author. (Year of publication). Title
(xx ed. if not the first). Place of publication: Author.

INHS Research Institution. (2014). Understanding

SIPs. Iloilo: Author.
REFERENCING

5) Book usually known by its title

Title. (Year of publication). (xx ed. if not the
first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Ilonggo dictionary. (2010). (8th ed.). Iloilo

City: Yuhum.
REFERENCING

6) One chapter / paper from a collection in a book

Author of chapter’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication).
Title of chapter. In: Initials of first editor, Surname of first editor &
Initials of second editor, Surname of second editor (Eds.), Title
of book (pp. xx-xx). Place of publication: Publisher.

Umadhay, R. R. (2014). Special science culture: In three

decades. In M.A. Pedregosa & A.T. Paner (Eds.), Science
curriculum in the new millennium: Prospects and
challenges (pp. 48-68). Iloilo: RRS Pages.
REFERENCING

7) Newspaper article
Author’s surname, Initials. (Year of
publication, Month of publication Day of
publication). Title of article. Title of
newspaper, pp. xx-xx.

Siena, J. A.S. (2014, February 13).

Science rocks. DepEd 6 echo, pp. 18-19.
REFERENCING

8) Thesis / dissertation
Author surname, Initials. (Year of award). Title of
thesis (Level of award) Awarding institution, address.

Salcedo,R.R. (2011). Status and models of SIP

practices in the division of Iloilo (Unpublished
dissertation). West Visayas State University, Iloilo
City.
REFERENCING

9) Government publication
Corporate author. (Date of publication). Title
of report. Place of publication: Author.

Department of Education. (2014). Science

teachers process skills. Manila: Author.
 REFERENCING

10) Television broadcast

Writer’s surname, Initials. (Writer), & Director’s surname, Initials.
(Director). (Year of broadcast). Title of episode [Television series
episode]. In Executive Producer’s Initial. Executive Producer’s surname
(Executive producer), Title of TV series. Country of origin (or US State):
Broadcasting company.

Salcedo, R.R. (Writer), & Robles, L.C. (Director). (2014).

Colors of life [Television series episode]. In A. Marie
(Executive producer), Life as it is. Iloilo City: Star Broadcasting.
REFERENCING

11) Electronic version of a print book

Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title.
Retrieved from URL. (Uniform Resource Location)

Mosura, E.F. (2014). A teacher's guide to SIP.

Retrieved from
http://inhslib.myilibrary.com/Open.aspx?
id=270309
REFERENCING

12) Journal article

Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication).
Article title. Journal title, Volume number (part),
page numbers.

Salcedo, J.A. (2014). Farming secrets: Pros and

cons. Agriculture review, 18 (4), 60-68.
REFERENCING

13) Web pages

Author's surname, Initials. (Year site/document was published
online). Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from web address.
Note: if there is no individual author, you can use an organization or
corporate body name. If neither is available, use the title for author. If
there is no publication date available, use no date instead i.e. (n.d.).

Salcedo, A.M.R. (2014). The world of digital work.

Retrieved February 12, 2014, from
http://digi.org/starndards/hom/isbn/digitalworld.asp.
References:
University of Bath.(2014). Referencing.
Retrieved February 11, 2014 from
http://www.bath.ac.uk/library/infoskills/referencing
-plagiarism/apa-style.html

APA. (2010). Referencing style. Retrieved

February 11, 2014 from www.apastyle.org