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C++ Programming
1
‫وائل قصاص‬
C++ Program
A sequence of structured statements written by
programmer using C++ language to solve a problem.
Using Visual C++ to write your program
1- Start  Programs  Microsoft Visual Studio 6  Microsoft Visual C++ 6

2- File  New  Files  C++ Source file  oK
3- Write your program using C++ statements
4- Compilation: Ctrl + F7 to see if the program has error's
5- Execution: to display the program’s result
2
General form of C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main() {
.
.
C++ statements
.
.
}
Remark: C++ language is case sensitive
3
Problem : Compute and print the summation
of two numbers.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int a, b, s;
cout<<"Please Enter two numbers:";
cin>>a>>b;
s = a + b;
cout<<"s="<<s<<endl;
} 4
Remarks:
- iostream.h: C++ library that contains all
input/output statements and other constrols.
- main(): the main function of the program which
represents the program’s life time.
- a, b, and s are three variables of type integer.
Their values can be any integer and can be
changed.
- cin>>: C++ statement to take value(s) from the
user.
- cout<<: C++ statements to display value(s) to
the output screen.
- " ": must be around any character constants.
5
- \n or endl: to start new line at output screen.‫وائل قصاص‬
Variables
• Variables:
- Variable is one memory location.
-The name of the location is the variable name.
-The location content is the value of the variable
- You can change the content of the variable at any
time in the statements of the algorithm.
e.g.
Name of the location Inside Memory location
employee_name "Ali Ahmed"
age 35
hourly_rate 3.25
6
Data Types
Predefined Data Types:
• int : values (e.g. 5 , -321 , 12)
operations (e.g. + , - , * , / , % , >, <, = =, !=, > =, <= )
• float (double) : values (e.g. 3.2 , 1.23E+5 , 0.34E-2)
operations (e.g. +, -, *, /, , >, <, = =, !=, > =, <= )
• bool : values (true , false)
operations (e.g. AND, OR, NOT)
• char : values (e.g. ‘A’ , ‘t’ , ‘(‘ , ‘5’ , ‘;’ )
operations (e.g. <, > , ≤, etc.)
Variable declaration
Type Variable_name
7
Constant Values: can be numerical (3, 100, -5,
3.14) or string (‘A’, ‘$’, ‘Ahmad’, Amman).
Constant identifier: one memory location take a
value at a first time, which can not be changed.
const float pi = 3.14
8
Variable names
• int X,x,Number, IF,If,iF,a7,Total_sum;
• float _abc;
9
Problem : Compute and print the average of
three numbers.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int n1, n2, n3;
float s, average;
cout<<"Please Enter three integers: ";
cin>>n1>>n2>>n3;
s = n1 + n2 + n3;
average = s / 3;
cout<<"Average = \t"<<average<<endl;
}
Remark: \t to leave tab spaces 10
Problem : Compute the area of the circle.
Where area = π x R2
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
const double Pi = 3.14;
int r;
cout<<"Please enter r : ";
cin>>r;
double a;
a = Pi * r * r;
cout<<"Circle's Area = "<<a<<endl;} 11
Examples on integer division
#include <iostream>
void main( )
{
int x;
x=1/3*3; // 1/3=0
cout<<x<<endl;
x=1.0/3*3;
cout<<x<<endl;
}
12
Boolean variables and relational
operations
#include <iostream>
void main( )
{
bool x,y;
x= 5 > 7;
cout<<x<<endl;
y= 5 < 7;
cout<<y<<endl;
x=true;
cout<<x<<endl;
y=false;
cout<<y<<endl;
x=5;
cout<<x; 13
} ‫وائل قصاص‬
Misleading examples
X= 7 > 5 > 3;
This expression gives false because its evaluated
as follows
X=(7>5) >3;
= 1 > 3; // False;
The relational operations are executed from left to
right
< ,<= ,> , >= have the same priority
== , != have lower priority than the above.
X = 1 == 1>3;
X = 3>4 == 4>3; 14
Priority
• * , / , % have the same priority ( High )
• + , - have the same priority (Low)
15
Examples on arithmetic operations
X= 5 + 2 * 3 – 7;
The order of execution is as follows:
* , then + , then -
X= 5 + 2 * 3 – 7 / 3
Execution order : * , + , / , -
X= 5+2*3/4%1-7/3
……………………..
16
If Statement in C++
One way if
if ( Condition )
statement;
if ( Condition ) {
statements; }
17
Problem : Read any number from the user,
then print positive if it is positive.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Num;
cout<<"Please Enter an integer number:";
cin>>Num;
if (Num > 0)
cout<<" Positive\n";
} 18
Another Version
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Num;
bool w;
cout<<"Please Enter an integer number:";
cin>>Num;
w=Num>0;
if (w)
cout<<" Positive\n";
19
If Statement in C++
Two way if
if ( Condition )
statement;
else
statement;
if ( Condition ) {
statements; }
else {
statements;}
20
Write a program that reads a mark,
if mark is 60 or greater, the program
prints PASS, else it will print FAIL
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int mark;
cout<<"Please Enter your mark: ";
cin>>mark;
if (mark>=60)
cout<<" PASS\n";
else
cout<<"FAIL\n";
} 21
More than one statement in the if
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int mark;
cout<<"Please Enter your mark: ";
cin>>mark;
if (mark>=60)
{
cout<<" PASS\n";
cout<<" you can take Object course now\n";
}
else
{
cout<<"FAIL ";
cout<<"You must take this course again\n";
} 22
Write a program that prints the the
fraction from the format a/b to c d/b
example: 7/3= 2 1/3
#include <iostream>
void main ( )
{
int a,b,c,d;
cout<<"To convert the fraction from the format a/b to c d/b,
Enter a,b";
cin>>a>>b;
c=a/b;
d=a%b;
cout<<a<<"/"<<b<<"="<<c<<" "<<d<<"/"<<b<<endl; 23
Enhancement on the previous example
#include <iostream>
void main ( )
{
int a,b,c,d;
cout<<"To convert the fraction from the format a/b to c d/b,
Enter a,b";
cin>>a>>b;
c=a/b;
d=a%b;
cout<<a<<"/"<<b<<"=";
if ( c != 0)
cout<<c;
if (d!=0)
cout<<" "<<d<<"/"<<b;
cout<<endl; 24
Condition
Condition: An expression that is evaluated to
produce only true or false values.
Arithmetic Expressions
- It is composed of operands and arithmetic
operations ( + , - , *, /, %).
- Its result is a numeric value
(e.g. 3 + 4 gives 7)
- Operands may be numbers and/or identifiers that have
numeric values.
25
Relational Expressions
- It is composed from operands and operators.
- Operands may be numbers and/or identifiers
that have numeric values
- Its result is a logical value (true or false).
- Operators are relational operators:
< , > , <= , >= , = =, !=
e.g.
(a < b) gives true, if value of a is less than value of b
false, if value of a is not less than value of b
(x != y) also gives true or false according to the values of x

and y
26
Logical Expressions
- It is called also Boolean expression.
- It is composed from operands and operators.
- Operands are identifiers that have logical values
- Its result is a logical value (true or false) (see later).
- Operators are logical: &&(AND) , ||(OR), !(NOT)
e.g.
X && Y
a && b || c
27
Evaluating Logical
Expressions
• The truth table
(1) AND table
&& True False

True True False
False False False
28
(2) OR table
|| True False
True True True
False True False
(3) NOT table

! True False
False True
29
Arithmetic  Relational  Logical
• NOTES
1) A relational expression may contain arithmetic
2) subexpressions,
e.g. ( 3 + 7 ) < (12 * 4 )
3 + 7 < 12 * 4
2) A logical expression may contain relational and
arithmetic subexpressions,
e.g.
1- x && y && ( a > b )
2- (2 + t ) < (6 * w ) && ( p = =q ) 30
Operator Precedence
Operator Description Precedence
() parentheses Highest
+, – , ! unary plus, unary minus,
Not
*, /, %
+, - Binary plus, binary minus
<, <=, >, >=
== , != Equal, not equal
&&
||
= Assignment Lowest
31
Examples
• Find the value of the following expression:
(1) 5 + 8 * 2 / 4
16
9 (This is the final result)

32
Find the value of the following expression
(9 + 3) - 6 / 3 + 5
12
10`
15 (this is the final result)

33
Find the value of the following Expression
If x = True, y = False, z = False, find the value of the

expression x && y || z
x && y || z
False
False (the final result)
34
Another example
• X=true, Y=false, Z= true
X || Y && Z
true
• X=true, Y=false, Z= false

X || Y && Z
true
35
Find the value of the following Expression
If a = 3, b = 5, x = true, y = false, find the value of the

expression: ( a < b ) AND y OR x
( a < b ) && y || x
True
False
True (the final result)

36
What is the output of the following code:
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int a=10, b=3;
cout<<"\n a+b= \t"<<a+b;
cout<<"\n a+b*2= \t"<<a+b*2;
cout<<"\n (a+b)*2 \t"<<(a+b)*2<<endl;
cout<<a<<"<"<<b<<" is\t"<<(a<b);
cout<<"\n a+b != a+3 is \t"<<(a+b != a+3);
cout<<"\n a+b >= b*2 || a>b+9 is \t"<<(a+b >= b*2 || a>b+9);
cout<<endl; 37
}
Problem : Read any number from the user,
then print positive if it is positive and print
negative otherwise.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Num;
cout<<"Please Enter Number:";
cin>>Num;
if (Num < 0)
cout<<"Negative\n";
else
cout<<"Positive\n";
} 38
Problem : Read Two numbers from the user,
then print the greatest one.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int x,y;
cout<<"Please Enter two numbers:";
cin>>x>>y;
cout<<"Max = ";
if (x > y)
cout<<x<<endl;
else
cout<<y<<endl; 39
Problem : Read three numbers to print the
smallest one.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int a, b, c;
cout<<"Please Enter three numbers:";
cin>>a>>b>>c;
cout<<"Min= ";
if ((a < b) && (a < c))
cout<<a;
if ((b < a) && (b < c))
cout<<b;
if ((c < a) && (c < b))
cout<<c;
40
cout<<endl;
}
Program2 (Nested if)
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int a, b, c;
cout<<"\nPlease Enter three numbers:";
cin>>a>>b>>c;
cout<<"\nMin= ";
if (a < b)
if (a < c)
cout<<a;
else
cout<<c;
else
if (b < c)
cout<<b;
else
cout<<c; 41
cout<<endl;} ‫وائل قصاص‬
Problem : Read number, if it is positive, Add
number 10 to it and print the Number "is positive", but
otherwise, subtract number 10 from it and print the
Number "is negative".
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Number;
cout<<"Please enter Number:";
cin>>Number;
if (Number>0) {
Number = Number + 10;
cout<<Number<<" is Positive\n";}
else {
Number = Number - 10;
cout<<Number<<" is Negative\n";}}
42
Example on dangling else
if ( x>y)
if ( x<z)
cout<<" Hello";
else
cout<<"Hi";
43
Another idea
if ( x>y)
{if ( x<z)
cout<<" Hello";}
else
cout<<"Hi";
44
Assignment Statement
Simple Assignment:
Max = 5 ;
Max = A ;
F = A+B*2;
Compound Assignment:
A += 10 ;  A = A + 10;
A -= C ;  A = A – C;
I *= 4 ;  I = I * 4;
r /= 2;  r = r / 2;
S %= 3 ;  S=S%3;
B &= true;  B = B && true;
B |= true;  B = B || true; 45
Increment and Decrement ‫زياده‬
Postfix
C++;  use the value of C, then increment (C = C+1) it.
C--;  use the value of C, then decrement (C = C-1) it.
Prefix
++C; increment the value of C (C = C+1), then use it .
--C; Decrement the value of C (C = C-1), then use it .
46
What is the output of the following C++
Source Code Program
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
int A=10, B=4, R;
cout<<"A="<<A<<"\tB="<<B;
A += B;
B *= 2;
cout<<"\nA="<<A<<"\tB="<<B;
R = ++A % B--;
cout<<"\nR="<<R;
R = A++ + --B ;
cout<<"\nA="<<A<<"\tB="<<B<<"\tR="<<R;
bool a=true, b=false;
a &= b;
if (a == 0)
cout<<"\n a = false\n";
else 47
cout<<"\n a = true\n"; ‫وائل قصاص‬
}
#include <iostream> Examples
void main ( )
{int X=5;
int Y=7;
int z;
X++;
cout<<X<<endl;
++X;
cout<<X<<endl;
cout<<X++<<endl;
cout<<++X<<endl;
z=X++ + Y; // Z=X+Y; X=X+1;
cout<<X<<" "<<Y<<" "<<z<<endl;
z=++X +Y; // X=X+1; Z=X+Y;
cout<<X<<" "<<Y<<" "<<z<<endl;
z=X++ + Y++; // Z=X+Y; X++;Y++;
cout<<X<<" "<<Y<<" "<<z<<endl;} 48
Loop (iteration statements)
used to repeat subcode number of times
there are three loop techniques:

1- for Loop.
2- while Loop.
3- do … while Loop
49
For Loop Technique
General Form:
for (counter_var=initial_val; condition; increasing or decreasing counter_var)
{
.
Statement(s);
.
}
Statements will be executed repeatedly while condition is true. When the
condition become false, the loop will be terminated and the execution
sequence will go the first statement after for loop.
If the loop body contains only one statement, there is no need to begin”{“
and end “}” the loop body. 50
Problem : Print the word "Amman" five
times.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
cout<<"Amman\n";
}
Another Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
for (int i=5; i>=1; i--)
cout<<"Amman\n";
51
}
Problem : Print the following numbers.
1 3 5 7 9 11
Program
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
for (int k=1; k<=11; k+=2)
cout<<k<<"\t";
cout<<endl;
}
52
20 17 14 11 8 5 2
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
for (int m=20; m>=2; m-=3)
cout<<m<<"\t";
cout<<endl;
}
53
Another Version of the previous
example
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
int m;
for (m=20; m>=2; m-=3)
cout<<m<<"\t";
cout<<endl;
} 54
Another Version of the previous
example
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
int m=20;
for (; m>=2; m-=3)
cout<<m<<"\t";
cout<<endl;
} 55
Quiz
• Write a program that prints the numbers

from X to Y, with step Z , using for
statement. The program should read X, Y,
Z then start the loop
56
1 2 3 4 … n(entered by user)
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int n;
cout<<"\nPlease enter the upper limit:";
cin>>n;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i++)
cout<<i<<"\t";
cout<<endl;
} 57
L (entered By user) (L+1) (L+2) … U (entered By user)
#include <iostream> Program

void main() {
int L,U;
cout<<"Enter the start value:";
cin>>L;
cout<<"Enter the end value:";
cin>>U;
for (int i=L; i<=U; i++)
cout<<i<<"\t";
cout<<endl;
58
Problem : Read five numbers from the user and print
the positive numbers only.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
int num;
for(int i=1; i<=5; i++)
{
cout<<"Please Enter No "<<i<<':';
cin>>num;
if (num > 0)
cout<<num<<" is positive\n";}
}
59
#include <iostream>
void main()
{ int num;
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
{ cout<<"Please Enter No "<<i<<':';
cin>>num;
if (num < 0)
continue;
cout<<num<<" is positive\n";
}
} 60
Problem : Compute and print S, Where
S = 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int S=0;
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
S+=i;
cout<<"Sum is "<<S<<endl;
}
61
Sum = 1+ 3+ 5+ 7+ … + n
Program
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
int Sum=0, n;
cout<<"Please Enter n";
cin>>n;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i+=2)
Sum+=i;
cout<<"Sum="<<Sum<<endl;
62
Problem : print the following formula
Sum = 1+ 3+ 5+ 7+ … + n
Program
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
int n;
cout<<"Please Enter n";
cin>>n;
cout<<"Sum= ";
cout<<i<<"+";
cout<<"\b \n";
} 63
Problem : Compute and print the summation
of any 10 numbers entered by the user.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int S=0, N;
for (int i=10; i>=1; i--)
{cout<<"Please Enter the next number:";
cin>>N;
S+=N;}
cout<<"S="<<S<<endl;}
64
Problem : Compute and Print the factorial of
the number 5. (Fact = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1)
Program
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
int Fact=1;
for (int j=5; j>=1; j--)
Fact *= j;
cout<<"5! = "<<Fact<<endl;
}
65
A program to find n!
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
int Fact=1,n;
cout<<"Enter an integer to find its factorial";
cin>>n;
for (int j=n; j>=1; j--)
Fact *= j;
cout<<n<<"!= "<<Fact<<endl;
}
66
Try it on n = 17 ??? ‫وائل قصاص‬
Problem : Compute and Print the value of M
where M = 2 * 4 * 6 * … * n
Program
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
long M=1;
int n;
cout<<"please enter the upper Limit:";
cin>>n;
M *= i;
cout<<"M= "<<M<<endl;
}
67
Problem : Compute and Print Mn
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
long Result=1;
int M, n;
cout<<"Enter the Base number:";
cin>>M;
cout<<"Enter the exponent:";
cin>>n;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i++)
Result *= M;
cout<<"Result= "<<Result<<endl;} 68
Write a program that finds Mn for
positive & negative n
• H.W.
69
While Technique
General Form:
while (Condition) {
.
Statement(s);
.
}

sequence will go to the first statement after While loop.
If the loop body contains only one statement, there is no need to begin{
and end } the loop body. 70
times.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int i=1;
while (i<=5)
{
cout<<"Amman\n";
i++;
}
}
71
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int i=1;
while (i++<=5)
{
cout<<"Amman\n";
}
cout<<i<<endl;
}
72
1 3 5 7 9 11
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int i=1;
while (i <= 11) {
cout<<i<<'\t';
i+=2; }
}
Remark:
Write ((i+=2) <= 11 ) condition instead of the above one.
What changes you have to do to produce the same 73
output. ‫وائل قصاص‬
20 17 14 … n
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int n, k=20;
cout<<"Enter the lower limit:";
cin>>n;
while ( k >= n) {
cout<<k<<'\t';
k -= 3; }
cout<<endl;}
Remark:
Write k-=3 instead of k in the above condition. What you 74
have to do to produce the same output. ‫وائل قصاص‬
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int num, j=0;
while ( j++ < 5 ) {
cout<<"Enter the next num:";
cin>>num;OH
if (num > 0)
cout<<num<<endl; }}
Remark:
Solve the above problem by using continue statement. 75
#include <iostream>
void main() { Sum for the
int sum=0,i,x,y; numbers from
cout<<"Enter x,y please: "; X to y
cin>>x>>y;
i=x;
while ( i <=y) {
sum+=i;
i++;
}
cout<<"The Sum for the numbers from "<<x<<" to "
<<y<<" = "<<sum<<endl;
}
76
Sum = 1+ 3+ 5+ 7+ … + n
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int n, Sum=0, i=1;
cout<<"Enter the upper limit:";
cin>>n;
while ( i <= n ) {
Sum += i;
i += 2; }
cout<<"\nSum="<<Sum;
} 77
Problem : Read 10 numbers by the user and
compute and print the summation of
numbers, which are divisible by 3.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Num, Sum=0, i=1;
while ( i <= 10 ) {
cout<<"Enter a number:";
cin>>Num;
if (Num % 3 == 0)
Sum += Num;
i++;
}
78
cout<<"\nSum="<<Sum;
}
Problem : Compute and Print the value of M
where M = 2 * 4 * 6 * … * n
Program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int N, M=1, i=2;
cin>>N;
while ( i <= N ) {
M *= i;
i += 2; }
cout<<"\nM="<<M;
} 79
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int N, M=1, i=2;
cin>>N;
cout<<"\nM=1";
while ( i <= N ) {
M *= i;
cout<<" x "<<i;
i += 2; }
cout<<"="<<M<<endl;
}
80
Do .. While Technique
General Form:
do {
.
Statement(s);
.
} while (Condition) ;

sequence will go to the first statement after the loop.
The loop body will be executed at least one.

81
times.
Program
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
int i = 1;
do {
cout<<"Amman\n";
i++;
} while (i <= 5);
}
82
Execute the following program
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Choice, Num;
‫نفّذ‬
do {
cout<<"\n Enter the New Number";
cin>>Num;
if (Num % 2 == 0)
cout<<Num<<" is Even\n";
else
cout<<Num<<" is Odd\n";
cout<<"Select your choice.\n";
cout<<"1- Exit. (Terminate the Run)\n";
cout<<"2- Enter New Number to Check.\n";
cin>>Choice;
83
} while (Choice != 1);
}
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Num; char Choice;
do {
cin>>Num;
if (Num % 2 == 0)
else
cout<<"Enter Y to continue, any other character to exit
\n";
cin>>Choice;
} while (Choice == 'Y' );
}
84
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Num; char Choice;
do {
cin>>Num;
if (Num % 2 == 0)
else
cout<<"Enter Y to continue, any other character to exit
\n";
cin>>Choice;
} while ((Choice == 'Y') || (Choice=='y')); 85
}
Homework
Resolve all problems in the presentation 5 and 6 by using the

three loop techniques: For, While, and Do … while Loops.
86
2.10 break and continue
Statements
• break statement
– Immediate exit from while, for, do/while,
switch
– Program continues with first statement after
structure
• Common uses
– Escape early from a loop
– Skip the remainder of switch
87
1 // Fig. 2.26: fig02_26.cpp
2 // Using the break statement in a for structure.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // function main begins program execution
9 int main()
10 {
11
12 int x; // x declared here so it can be used after the loop
13
14 // loop 10 times
15 for ( x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) {
16
Exits for structure when
17 // if x is 5, terminate loop break executed.
18 if ( x == 5 )
19 break; // break loop only if x is 5
20
21 cout << x << " "; // display value of x 88
22 ‫وائل قصاص‬
23 } // end for
24
25 cout<< "\nBroke out of loop when x became "<< x <<endl;
26
27 return 0; // indicate successful termination
28
29 } // end function main
1234
Broke out of loop when x became 5
89
2.10 break and continue
Statements
• continue statement
– Used in while, for, do/while
– Skips remainder of loop body
– Proceeds with next iteration of loop
• while and do/while structure
– Loop-continuation test evaluated immediately
after the continue statement
• for structure
– Increment expression executed
90
– Next, loop-continuation test evaluated ‫وائل قصاص‬
1 // Fig. 2.27: fig02_27.cpp
2 // Using the continue statement in a for structure.
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // function main begins program execution
9 int main()
10 {
11 // loop 10 times
12 for ( int x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) { Skips to next iteration of the
loop.
13
14 // if x is 5, continue with next iteration of loop
15 if ( x == 5 )
16 continue; // skip remaining code in loop body
17
18 cout << x << " "; // display value of x
19 91
20 } // end for structure ‫وائل قصاص‬
21
22 cout<< "\nUsed continue to skip printing the value 5"
23 << endl;
24
25 return 0; // indicate successful termination
26
27 } // end function main
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
Used continue to skip printing the value 5
92
2.8 switch Multiple-Selection Structure
• switch
– Test variable for multiple values
– Series of case labels and optional default case
switch ( variable ) {
case value1: // taken if variable == value1
statements
break; // necessary to exit switch
case value2:
case value3: // taken if variable == value2 or ==
value3
statements
break;
default: // taken if variable matches no other

cases
statements 93
break; ‫وائل قصاص‬
}
94
2.8 switch Multiple-Selection

Structure
94
#include<iostream> 95
using namespace std; Example on
void main() switch
{ int a;
cout<<" Enter an Integer between 0 and 10: "; statement
cin>>a;
switch(a)
{ case 0:
case 1: cout<<"hello ";
case 2: cout<<"there ";
case 3: cout<<"Welcome to ";
case 4: cout<<"C++ "<<endl;
break;
case 5: cout<<"How ";
case 6:
case 7:
case 8: cout<<"are you "<<endl;
break;
case 9: break;
case 10: cout<<"Have a nice day. "<<endl;
break;
default: cout<<"Sorry, the number is out of range."<<endl; } 95
cout<< " out of switch structure."<<endl; } //main ‫وائل قصاص‬
#include <iostream> 96
void main( ) { Another switch example
int score;
char grade;
cout<<"enter your score";
cin>>score;
switch(score/10){
case 0: case 1: case 2:
case 3: case 4: case 5: grade = 'F';
break;
case 6: grade = 'D';
break;
case 7: grade = 'C';
break;
case 8: grade = 'B';
break;
case 9: case 10: grade = 'A';
break;
default: cout<<"Invalid test score."<<endl; }
cout<<"Grade is"<<grade<<endl;
} // end main 96
97
switch examples
#include <iostream>
void main( )
{
char grade;
cout <<" Enter grade as a letter : ";
cin>>grade;
switch(grade)
{case 'A': cout<<"The Grade is A\n";
break;
case 'B': cout<<"The Grade is B\n";
break;
case 'C': cout<<"The Grade is C\n";
break;
case 'D': cout<<"The Grade is D\n";
break;
case 'F': cout<<"The Grade is F\n";
break;
default: cout<< "The Grade is invalid\n";
}
}
97
98
switch examples
#include <iostream>
void main( )
{
int age;
cout<<"Enter your age: ";
cin>>age;
switch (age>=18)
{
case 1: cout<<"old enough to take a driving license."<<endl;
cout<< "old enough to vote."<<endl;
break;
case 0: cout<<"Not old enough to take a driving license"<<endl;

cout<< "Not old enough to vote."<<endl;
}
}
98
#include <iostream>
void main()
{int score;
cout<<"Enter ur mark ";
cin>>score;
char grade;
switch(score/10)
{ case 0: case 1: case 2: case 3: case 4: case 5:
grade = 'F'; break;
case 6: grade = 'D';
break;
case 7: grade = 'C';
break;
case 8: grade = 'B';
break;
case 9: case 10: grade = 'A';
break;
default: cout<<"Invalid test score."<<endl; } //End of switch
cout<<"Your grade is "<<grade<<endl; 99

Nested for
Print the following shape
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; *****
void main(){ *****
*****
int n; *****
cin>>n; *****
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
{ for (int j=1;j<=n;j++)
cout<<"*";
cout<<endl;
}} 100
Nested for
Problem : Draw the following shape
*
**
***
****
*****
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
for (int raw=1; raw<=5; raw++)
{
for (int C=1; C<=raw; C++)
cout<<'*';
cout<<endl; }} 101
PROBLEM : DRAW
THE FOLLOWING
SHAPE
*
#include <iostream>
**
void main(){ ***
for(int i=1;i<=5 ; i++){ ****
for(int j=1 ; j<=i ; j++)
*****
cout<<"*";cout<<endl;}
for(int x=1;x<=4 ; x++){
****
for(int j=4;j>=x ; j--) ***
cout<<"*";cout<< endl;}} **
* 102
*****
****
***
**
*
#include <iostream>
void main() {
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++) {
for (int j=i; j<=5; j++)
cout<<'*';
cout<<endl; }}
103
*****
****
***
**
*
#include <iostream>
void main() {
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++) {
for (int j=5; j>=i; j--)
cout<<'*';
cout<<endl; }}
104
What is the output for the following
program
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for (int j=1;j<=5;j++)
if (i==j) cout<<"*";
else
if (i+j==6)
cout<<"*";
else
cout<<" ";
cout<<endl;}
105
‫‪1,1‬‬ ‫‪1,2‬‬ ‫‪1,3‬‬ ‫‪1,4‬‬ ‫‪1,5‬‬
‫‪2,1‬‬ ‫‪2,2‬‬ ‫‪2,3‬‬ ‫‪2,4‬‬ ‫‪2,5‬‬
‫‪3,1‬‬ ‫‪3,2‬‬ ‫‪3,3‬‬ ‫‪3,4‬‬ ‫‪3,5‬‬
‫‪4,1‬‬ ‫‪4,2‬‬ ‫‪4,3‬‬ ‫‪4,4‬‬ ‫‪4,5‬‬
‫‪5,1‬‬ ‫‪5,2‬‬ ‫‪5,3‬‬ ‫‪5,4‬‬ ‫‪5,5‬‬
‫‪106‬‬
Problem : display the multiplication table for
the number 3.
#include <iostream>
void main() {
for (int i=1; i<=10; i++)
cout<<"3 x "<<i<<" = "<<3*i<<endl;
}
107
Problem : display the multiplication table for
the numbers from 1 to 5.
1 2 3 4 5
2 4 6 8 10
3 6 9 12 15
4 8 12 16 20
5 10 15 20 25
108
for (int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
for(int j=1;j<=5;j++)
cout<<i*j<<"\t";
cout<<endl;
}
109
Problem : Read any number from the user
and print Prime if it is a prime number, or Not
prime otherwise.
#include <iostream>
void main() {
bool Prime = true; ‫أولي‬
int i, num;
cout<<"Please enter the number:";
cin>>num;
for ( i=2; i<num; i++)
if (num%i==0) {
Prime = false;
break; }
if (Prime)
cout<<num<<" is a Prime number\n";
else
cout<<num<<" is not a Prime number\n";
110
}
S=m0 + m1 + … +mn
#include <iostream>
void main()
{int s=0,n,m,t;
cout<<"Enter m please 1 ";
cin>>m;
cout<<"Enter n please ";
cin>>n;
for (int i=0;i<=n;i++)
{ t=1;
for (int j=1;j<=i;j++)
t*=m;
s+=t;
}
cout<<s<<endl;
111
The same
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; as the
void main()
{int s=0,n,m,t=1; previous
cout<<"Enter m please ";
cin>>m; example
cout<<"Enter n please ";
cin>>n;
for (int i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
s=s+t;
t=t*m;
}
cout<<s<<endl;
} 112
Nested Loops
#include <iostream> 1234
using namespace std; 1234
void main() 1234
{
int j=1;
1234
while(j<=4){
int i=1;
while(i<=4){
cout<<i<<"\t";
i++;
}
j++;
cout<<endl;
}
} 113
*
**
***
****
*****
#include <iostream.h>
void main() {
int i=1;
while (i<=5) {
int j=1;
while (j<=i)
{
cout<<'*';
j++;}
cout<<endl;
i++; }
114
1
12
124
1248
for (int i=1;i<=4;i++)

{int x=1;
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
{cout<<x<<" ";
x=x*2;}
cout<<endl;}
115
#include <iostream>
void main()
{for (int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{for(int j=0;j<i;j++)
{int x=1;
for( int k=1;k<=j;k++)
x=2*x;
cout<<x<<" ";}
cout<<endl;}
} 116
Functions
Chapter 3
117
Topics to be covered
• C++ pre defined functions:
– Math library functions
– Random function
– Examples on rand with switch statments
• User Functions:
– Function proto type
– Function definition:
• Square, Cube examples
• Examples on the four forms of functions, And their
meaning ( when to use each form):
– void F(void)
– void F(int)
– int F(void)
– int F(int)
118
• Call by value & call By reference
• Functions on arrays
• Scope of variables &Global variables
• Recursion :
– Factorial
– Febonacci,
– Sum of numbers from x to y
119
• Math library functions:
– ceil(x),floor(x)
– fabs(x), fmod(x,y), pow(x,y),sqrt(x)
– sin(x), cos(x), tan(x)
• These functions are of type double, and
take also double arguments
• They belong to the library
– #include <cmath>
120
double Y; double Y;
cout<<ceil(5.2);
Y=pow( 5,4);
Y=ceil(0.1);
Y=ceil(-0.1); Y=pow(5,-4);
Y=ceil(-1.1); Y=pow(5.2,3);
Y=floor(5.2);
Y=floor(0.1); Y=pow(16,0.25);
floor(-0.1); Y=pow(0.01,0.5);
floor(-1.1); Examples Y=pow(-4,0.5); runtime error
ceil(5.2/3);
floor(ceil(5.2/3)); Y=pow(x*3/7,y-1);
fabs(-17.231);
Y=pow(floor(x/3),ceil(x/4));
fmod(5,3) ≡ 5%3
fmod(4.2,2); Y=sqrt(9);
fmod(5.1,2.5)
Y=sqrt(10);
fmod(7.7,2.5)
Y=sqrt(0.09);
121
Y=sqrt(-16); runtime error ‫وائل قصاص‬
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
void main()
{
double A,B,C,X,Y;
cout<<"Enter an Angle : ";
cin>>X;
Y=X/180*3.141592;
A=sin(Y); ‫زاوية‬
B=cos(Y);
C=tan(Y);
cout<<"sin("<<X<<") = "<<A<<endl;
cout<<"cos("<<X<<") = "<<B<<endl;
cout<<"tan("<<X<<") = "<<C<<endl; 122
Problem : Read any number from the user
and print it is prime if it is, or not prime
otherwise.
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
void main() {
bool Prime = true;
int i, num;
cout<<"Please enter the number:";
cin>>num;
for (i=2; i<=sqrt(num); i++)
if (num%i==0) {
Prime = false;
break; }
if (Prime)
cout<<num<<" is a Prime number\n";
else
123
cout<<num<<" is not a Prime number\n";
}
Random number generator
• #include <cstdlib>
• X=rand(); // gives a random number
// between 0.. 32767
124
Program that gives 100 random
number
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x;
for( int i=1;i<=100;i++)
{x=rand();
cout<<x<<endl;}
} 125
Generate 20 random numbers
between 0 - 9
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x;
for( int i=1;i<=20;i++)
{x=rand()%10;
cout<<x<<endl;}
} 126
20 numbers between 1 - 10
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x;
for( int i=1;i<=20;i++)
{x=rand()%10+1;
cout<<x<<endl;}
} 127
Generate 10 integer random
numbers between 5 - 7
128
Using srand function
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x,seed;
cout<<"Enter the seed for the random generator ";
cin>>seed;
srand(seed);
for( int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
x=rand();
cout<<x<<endl;} 129
Q: Write a program that generates
1200 random numbers between 1-6,
and also counts the occurrence of
each number? ‫ظهور‬
Its expected that the occurrence of

each number will be about 200 times.
But remember we are talking about
random number. No exact values. 130
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{ int x,a1=0, a2=0, a3=0, a4=0, a5=0, a6=0;
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
if (x==1) a1++;
if (x==2) a2++;
if (x==3) a3++;
if (x==4) a4++;
if (x==5) a5++;
if (x==6) a6++;
cout<<x<<endl;}
cout<<1<<" : "<<a1<<endl;
cout<<2<<" : "<<a2<<endl;
cout<<3<<" : "<<a3<<endl;
cout<<4<<" : "<<a4<<endl;
cout<<5<<" : "<<a5<<endl;
131
cout<<6<<" : "<<a6<<endl;
}
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; A program to count
#include <cstdlib> the occurrence of
void main() each random number
{ int x,count[7]={0};
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
if (x==1) count[1]++;
if (x==2) count[2]++;
if (x==3) count[3]++;
if (x==4) count[4]++;
if (x==5) count[5]++;
if (x==6) count[6]++;
cout<<x<<endl;}
cout<<i<<" : "<<count[i]<<endl;
132
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{ int x,count[7]={0}; The same example
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
using Switch statement
switch(x)
{
case 1: count[1]++;
break;
case 2: count[2]++;
break;
case 3: count[3]++;
break;
case 4: count[4]++;
break;
case 5: count[5]++;
break;
case 6: count[6]++;
}
}
for(i=1;i<=6;i++) 133
cout<<i<<" : "<<count[i]<<endl; ‫وائل قصاص‬
}
• Do the same prev. example,
• Count the number of even numbers, and
the number of odd numbers.
134
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{ int x,even=0,odd=0;
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
switch(x)
{
case 1:
case 3:
case 5: odd++;
break;
case 2:
case 4:
case 6: even++;
}
}
cout<<"Even count is "<<even<<endl;
cout<<"Odd count is "<<odd<<endl;
} 135
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
void main()
{
int x,count[7]={0};
for( int i=1;i<=1200;i++)
{
x=rand()%6 +1;
count[x]++;
cout<<x<<endl;}
cout<<i<<" : "<<count[i]<<endl;
} 136
User Defined Functions
• Write a function that calculates and returns
the square value of a double number:
137
#include <iostream>
double square(double); // function prototype
void main( )
{double x,y;
cout<<"Enter a number :";
cin>>x;
y=square(x);
cout<<x<<" squared = "<<y<<endl;
}
double square(double a)
{ double b;
b=a*a;
return b; 138
Another user defined function
• Write a program to calculate and print a
rectangle area, the program should use a
function to calculate and returns the area
of a rectangle to the main program?
• This function should take the length and

the width , and should return the area
139
#include <iostream>
double area(double,double); // function prototype
void main( ){
double L,W,A;
cout<<"Enter the length:";
cin>>L;
cout<<"Enter the width:";
cin>>W;
A=area(L,W);
cout<<"The area of the rectangle is "<<A<<endl;
}
double area(double X,double Y)

{ double Z;
Z=X*Y;
return Z;
} 140
• Write a program that finds and prints the
maximum of three integer numbers, The
program should use a function to find the
maximum value.
141
#include <iostream>
int max(int,int,int);
void main(){
int x,y,z;
cout<<"Enter 3 numbers please :";
cin>>x>>y>>z;
cout<<"The Maximum is "<<max(x,y,z)<<endl;
}
int max(int a,int b,int c)

{int m;
m=a;
if (m<b) m=b;
if (m<c) m=c;
142
return m;} ‫وائل قصاص‬
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
bool prime(int);
void main(){
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number please :";
cin>>x;
if (prime(x))
cout<<x<<" is a prime number\n";
else
cout<<x<<" is not a prime number\n";
}
bool prime(int a)
{bool p=true;
for(int i=2;i<=sqrt(a);i++)
if (a%i==0)
{ p=false;
break;}
return p;} 143

Build your own fabs function
#include <iostream>
double fabs(double);
void main(void)
{
double x,y;
cout<<"Enter a number ";
cin>>x;
y=fabs(x);
cout<<"The absolute value of "<<x<<" is "<<y<<endl;
}
double fabs(double m)
{
if (m>=0)
return m;
else
return -m; 144
Forms of functions
• Functions that take inputs and returns output:
– double square(double), int max(int a, int b, int c) ….
• Functions that take inputs but don’t return output
– void Print sum(int x,int y)
• Functions that don’t take any inputs but returns an
output:
• int Read_number(void);
• Functions that don’t take an inputs and don’t
return any output
• void Print_hello(void);
145
#include <iostream>
void print_sum(int,int); Write a program
void main() that uses a
{int x,y;
cout<<"Enter two numbers please :"; function to
cin>>x>>y; calculate and print
print_sum(x,y);
print_sum(y,x); the sum of two
print_sum(5,7);
} numbers.
void print_sum(int x,int y)
{int s;
s=x+y;
cout<<x<<"+"<<y<<" = "<<s<<endl;
} 146
Write a program that reads two numbers
and prints the sum of them,
This program should use a function to read
the numbers and use another function to
calculate and print the sum of two numbers
147
#include <iostream>
void print_sum(int,int);
int read_number(void);
void main()
{int x,y;
x=read_number();
y=read_number();
print_sum(x,y);
}

{int s;
s=x+y;
cout<<x<<"+"<<y<<" = "<<s<<endl;
}
int read_number(void)
{int A;
cout<<"Enter a number please ";
cin>>A;
148
return A;
}
#include <iostream>
void print_sum(int,int);
int read_number(void);
void main()
{
print_sum(read_number(),read_number());
}

{int s;
s=x+y;
cout<<x<<"+"<<y<<" = "<<s<<endl;
}
int read_number(void)
{int A;
cout<<"Enter a number please ";
cin>>A;
return A;
149
}
Write a progam that uses a function
to print a welcome message
void print_welcome(void);
void main(){
print_welcome();
}
void print_welcome(void)
{
cout<<"Hello, Welcome in C++ functions\n";
150
ّ
‫حول‬
• Modify the previous example, make the
main calls the print function 10 times
• Also, make the print_welcome function
print a random message from 3 different
messages
151
#include <iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
void print_welcome(void);
void main(){
print_welcome();
}
void print_welcome(void)
{int x=rand()%3;
switch(x)
{case 0: cout<<"Hello \n"; break;
case 1: cout<<"Welcome \n";break;
case 2: cout<<"Hi, how are u \n";
}
} 152
Inputs for any function
• The inputs for a function could be:
– constants: x=sqrt( 9);
– Variables x=sqrt(y);
– Expression x=sqrt(y+3*z);
– Or even another function x=sqrt(ceil(y/3));
• This is valid for library functions , and user
defined functions also
153
Scope of variables with functions
#include <iostream>
int x=10; // global variables
int f1(int);
void f2(int);
int f3(void); // int f3();
void main(void)
{cout<<x<<endl;
int x=15;
cout<<x<<endl;
cout<<::x<<endl;
for (int i=1;i<3;i++)
{
int x=5;
int y=x+::x;
cout<<y<<" "<<x<<" "<<::x<<endl;
}
cout<<x<<endl;
cout<<f1(x)<<endl; 154
cout<<::x<<endl; ‫وائل قصاص‬
}
int f1(int a)
{
cout<<x<<endl;
int x=13;
cout<<x<<endl;
f2(x);
cout<<::x<<endl;
return x+a;
}
void f2(int b)
{cout<<x<<endl;
x=x-b;
cout<<x<<endl;
}
155
Aliasing
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int x;
int &y=x;
x=5;
int &z=y;
cout<<x<<"\t"<<y<<"\t"<<z<<endl;
y=7;
y=x+z-3;
return 0; 156
Call By value & call By reference
#include <iostream>
int square(int); call by value
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number ";
cin>>x;
cout<<x<<" squared is "<<square(x)<<endl;
}
int square(int a) // call by value
{
a=a*a;
return a; } 157
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; call by reference
void square(int &);
void main() Entered by user

{
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number : ";
cin>>x;
cout<<x<<" squared is " ;
square(x);
cout<<x<<endl;
}
void square(int & a) // call by reference

{
a=a*a;
} 158
#include <iostream>
void read_two_numbers(int &,int &);
void main()
{int x,y;
read_two_numbers (x,y);
cout<<x<<" "<<y<<endl;
}
void read_two_numbers (int & a,int &b)

{
cout<<"Enter two numbers please "
cin>>a>>b; 159
}
Static variables
#include <iostream>
void f(int x );
void main()
{
f(2);
f(5);
f(7);
}
void f(int x)
{static int abc=17;
abc++;
cout<<abc<<"\t"<<x<<endl;
} 160
Default arguments
#include <iostream>
void f(int x=10,int y=20 );
void main()
{
f();
f(5);
f(7,8);
}
void f(int x,int y)

{
cout<<x<<"\t"<<y<<endl;
} 161
Recursive functions
• Factorial
• Febonacci series
• Sum between X, Y
162
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; Recursive fact
int fact(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number to calculate its factorial ";
cin>>x;
cout<<x<<"! = "<<fact(x)<<endl;
}
int fact(int n)
{
if (n==0)
return 1;
else
return n*fact(n-1);
} 163
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; Recursive
int fact(int);
void main() fact
{
int x;
cin>>x;
}
int fact(int n)
{
if (n==1)
{cout<<"Now returning fact 1\n";
return 1;
}
else
{cout<<"Now calling fact "<<n-1<<endl;
return n*fact(n-1);
164
}
}
#include <iostream>
int fact(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cin>>x;
}
int fact(int n)
{
if (n==1)
{cout<<"Now returning fact 1\n";
return 1;
}
else
{cout<<"Now calling fact "<<n-1<<endl;
int m= n*fact(n-1);
cout<<"Returning "<<n<<"!="<<m<<endl;
return m;
}
} 165
The structure of Febonacci
series
• Feb(0)=0
• Feb(1)=1
• Feb(n)=feb(n-1)+feb(n-2)
166
#include <iostream>
int feb(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number to calculate its febonacci : "; Enrered by
cin>>x; user
cout<<"Feb("<<x<<") = "<<feb(x)<<endl;
}
int feb(int n)
{
if (n==0)
return 0;
else
if (n==1)
return 1;
else
return feb(n-1)+feb(n-2);
167
}
#include <iostream>
int feb(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number to calculate its febonacci ";
cin>>x;
cout<<feb(x)<<endl;
}
int feb(int n){

if (n==0) return 0;
else
if (n==1) return 1;
else
return feb(n-1)+feb(n-2); 168
#include <iostream>
int feb(int);
Fibonacci
void main()
{
using for
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number to calculate its febonacci ";
cin>>x;
cout<<feb(x)<<endl;
}
int feb(int n){

int fn_2=0;
int fn_1=1;
int fn;
for(int i=2;i<=n;i++)
{fn=fn_2+fn_1;
fn_2=fn_1;
fn_1=fn;
}
169
return fn;
}
Sum of numbers from 1 to n
#include <iostream>
int sum(int);
void main()
{
int x;
cout<<"Enter a number to calculate the sum ";
cin>>x;
cout<<"Sum of the series "<<sum(x)<<endl;
}
We can put >>if (n==0)return 0;
int sum(int n)
{
if (n==1)
return 1;
else
170
return n+sum(n-1);
}
• Write a function that returns the sum of
numbers from X to Y. The function should
calculate the sum recursively
y y-1
• ∑ i = y+ ∑ i
i=x i=x
171
Sum of numbers from X to Y
#include <iostream>
int sum(int,int);
void main()
{
int x,y;
cout<<"Enter two numbers to calculate the sum ";
cin>>x>>y;
cout<<"Sum of the series "<<sum(x,y)<<endl;
}
int sum (int a, int b) We can return “a”(the same)

{
if (a==b)
return b;
else
return b+sum(a,b-1); 172
Array
Array is a set of adjacent memory locations of the same data type. All of
them have one name, which is the array name. each location has subscript
number started by zero.
One Dimensional array

Data_Type array_name[How many elements] ;
Two Dimensional array

Data_Type array_name[#Rows][#Columns] ;
173
One Dimensional array
int List[5];
100 30 10 -20 5
List[0] List[1] list[2] list[3] list[4]
Read Elements Print Elements

List[0] = 100; for(i=0; i<5; i++)
List[1] = 30; cout<<List[i];
List[2] = 10;
List[3] = -20;
List[4] = 5;
174
Definitions and initial values
int X[4]={4,2,3,1};
int A[10]={0};
int B[100]={1};
int C[7]={1,2,6};
int d[5];
int E[ ]={4,6,2};
175
Not accepted Statements
int A[4]={4,2,4,5,2};
int E[ ];
int n=5;
int X[n];
Corrected by:
const int n=5;
int X[n];
176
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int A[5] = {10,20,15,100,30};
{ for (int i=0; i<5; i++)

cout<<A[i]<<'\t';
}
{ for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
cout<<"\nPlease Enter A["<<i<<"]:";
cin>>A[i]; }
}
{ for (int i=0; i<5; i++)
cout<<A[i]<<'\t';
cout<<endl; 177
#include <iostream>
void main() {
const int Size = 10;
char r[Size]={ ')', '!', '@', '#', '$', '%', '^', '&', '*', '(' };
for (int i=0; i<Size; i++)
cout<<"Shift + number "<<i<<" Give Symbol "<<r[i]<<endl;
}
178
#include <iostream>
const int S = 10;
void main() {
int A[S];
for(int i=0; i<S; i++) {
cout<<"\nEnter A["<<i<<"]:";
cin>>A[i]; }
int PositiveSum = 0, EvenSum = 0,
Gthan10_Count = 0;
for (int i=0; i<S; i++) {
if (A[i]>0)
PositiveSum += A[i];
if (A[i]%2 == 0)
EvenSum += A[i];
if (A[i]>10)
Gthan10_Count++;
}
cout<<"\nSummation of positive Elements: "<<PositiveSum;
cout<<"\nSummation of Even Elements: "<<EvenSum;
cout<<"\n# Element, which are greater than 10: "<<Gthan10_Count;
179
cout<<endl;
}
#include <iostream>
const int S = 10;
void main() {
int A[S];
for(int i=0; i<S; i++) {
cout<<"\nEnter A["<<i<<"]:";
cin>>A[i]; }
long Even_Position_Mul = 1,
Odd_Position_Mul = 1;
for (int i=0; i<S; i++)
if(i%2==0)
Even_Position_Mul *= A[i];
else
Odd_Position_Mul *=A[i];
cout<<"\nMultiplication of elements at Even position: "<<Even_Position_Mul;
cout<<"\nMultiplication of elements at Odd position: "<<Odd_Position_Mul;
cout<<endl;
} 180
Find the Maximum element
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cout<<"Enter 10 numbers to find the maximum\n";
for(int i=0; i<Size; i++)
cin>>Vector[i];

cout<<Vector[i]<<'\t';
cout<<endl;
int Max = Vector[0];

if (Max<Vector[i])
Max=Vector[i];
181
cout<<"\nMax= "<<Max<<endl;
}
#include <iostream>
const int Size = 10; We can use it like this:
void main() { int pos;
int Vector[Size];
cin>>Vector[i];
int Max = Vector[0]; The

int pos=0;
same but
if (Max<Vector[i])
{Max=Vector[i];
with
pos=i;} position
cout<<"\nMax= "<<Max<<" at pos "<<pos<<endl; 182
the Same as the previous example
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cin>>Vector[i];
int pos=0;
if (Vector[pos]<Vector[i]) pos=i;
cout<<"Max= "<<Vector[pos]<<" at pos "<<pos<<endl; 183

}
#include <iostream>
Search
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cout<<"enter 10 numbers";
cin>>Vector[i];
cout<<endl;
int Element;
cout<<"What is the element that you looking for";
cin>>Element;
bool Found = false;
int i;
for(i=0; i<Size; i++)
if(Element == Vector[i]){
Found = true;
break; }
cout<<endl;
if (Found)
cout<<Element<<" Found at position "<<i<<endl;
else 184
cout<<Element<<" is not in the array \n";} ‫وائل قصاص‬
Another version of search example
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cout<<"enter 10 numbers";
cin>>Vector[i];
cout<<endl;
int Element;
cout<<"What is the element that you are looking for: ";
cin>>Element;
bool Found = false;
if(Element == Vector[i]){
cout<<Element<<" is found at position "<<i<<endl;
Found=true; }
if (!Found) // if (found==false) 185

cout<<Element<<" is not in the array \n"; ‫وائل قصاص‬
}
Sort the elements:
#include <iostream>
const int Size = 5;
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cout<<"enter 5 numbs :";
cin>>Vector[i];

cout<<endl;
for(int pass=1; pass<Size; pass++)

for(int i=0; i<Size-1; i++)
if (Vector[i]>Vector[i+1]) {
int Temp = Vector[i];
Vector[i] = Vector[i+1];
Vector[i+1] = Temp;}

186
cout<<endl; }
#include <iostream>
const int Size = 5;
void main() {
int Vector[Size];
cout<<"enter 5 numbers: ";
cin>>Vector[i];
for( int i=0; i<Size; i++)

cout<<endl;
for(int pass=1; pass<Size; pass++)

{ cout<<"pass "<<pass<<endl;
for(int i=0; i<Size-1; i++)
if (Vector[i]>Vector[i+1]) {
cout<<"Swap"<<Vector[i]<<" "<<Vector[i+1]<<endl;
int Temp = Vector[i];
Vector[i] = Vector[i+1];
Vector[i+1] = Temp;}
for(int j=0; j<Size; j++)
cout<<Vector[j]<<'\t';
cout<<endl;
} 187
}
build a swap function function
void swap(int & x,int & y)
{
int temp;
temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
}
188
#include <iostream>
void swap(int &,int &);
Bubble sort using
const int Size = 5;
void main() {
the swap
int Vector[Size];
cout<<"enter 5 numbers\n"; function
cin>>Vector[i];
for(int i=0; i<Size - 1; i++)

for(int j=i+1; j<Size; j++)
if (Vector[i]>Vector[j]) swap(Vector[i],Vector[j]);

cout<<endl; }
void swap(int & x,int & y)

{
int temp;
temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
} 189
Arrays and Call by reference
• We can’t return the array using return
statement.
• We need to use the call by reference
technique.
• BUT when passing an array to a function,
it is sent as call by reference.
• No need to declare it as int &[ ]
190
Write a function that return the sum
#include <iostream>
of an array
int Arr_Sum(int [ ],int);
void main( )
{
int A[5]={2,3,4,5,6};
int B[4]={5,3,1,7};
cout<<"The sum of A is "<<Arr_Sum(A,5)<<endl;
cout<<"The sum of B is "<<Arr_Sum(B,4)<<endl;
}
int Arr_Sum(int x[ ],int size)
{int S=0;
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
S=S+x[ i ];
return S;
191
#include <iostream>
void Arr_read(int [ ],int);
Functions to Read and
void Arr_print(int[ ],int);
void main(){
print arrays
int A[5];
int B[4];
Arr_read(A,5);
Arr_read(B,4);
Arr_print(A,5);
Arr_print(B,4);}
void Arr_read(int x[ ],int size)

{ for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
{cout<<"Enter a number please ";
cin>>x[i];}
}
void Arr_print(int x[ ],int size)

{for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
cout<<x[i]<<" ";
cout<<endl;
} 192
Function to calculate the sum of
#include <iostream>
two arrays
void sum(int [ ],int [ ],int[ ],int);
void Arr_print(int[],int);
void main()
{
int a[4]={4,3,2,1};
int b[4]={2,2,4,4};
int c[4];
sum(a,b,c,4);
Arr_print(c,4);
}
void sum(int x[ ],int y[ ],int z[ ],int s)

{
for (int i=0;i<s;i++)
z[i]=x[i]+y[i];
}
void Arr_print(int x[ ],int size)
{for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
cout<<x[i]<<" ";
193
cout<<endl;
cout statement with setw( )
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
void main()
{
for(int i=1; i<= 5;i++) // without using setw( )
cout<<i<<" "<<i*i<<" "<<i*i*i<<endl;
cout<<endl;
for(int i=1; i<= 5;i++) // with using setw( )

cout<<setw(4)<<i<<setw(4)<<i*i<<setw(4)<<i*i*i<<endl;
194
Strings
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char n[10];
char a[10]={'A','h','m','e','d'}; //0,0,0…etc
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++) null
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
cout<<endl;
}
195
Q1 in the exam
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
int a[4][3];
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{ cout<<"Enter a number ";
cin>>a[i][j];
}
for(int k=0;k<3;k++)
{
int s=0;
for(int m=0;m<4;m++)
s=s+a[m][k];
cout<<s<<endl;
} 196
Two Dimensional array
int Matrix[3][4];
0 1 2 3
0 30
1 100 10
2 10 -20
Assign values to Elements

Matrix[0][1] = 30; Print Elements
Matrix[1][0] = 100; for(i=0; i<3; i++){
Matrix[1][2] = 10; for(j=0; j<4; j++)
Matrix[2][3] = -20; cout<<Matrix[i][j]<<"\t";
Matrix[2][0]=Matrix[1][2]; cout<<endl; }
197
int A[2][3] = { {1 ,2 , 3 },
{10,20,30}};
int Matrix[3][4]= {{0,30 },

{100,0,10},
{0,0,0,-20}};
198
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int A[2][3] = {{1,2,3},{10,20,30}};
int B[2][3] = {100,200,300,40,50,60};
int C[2][3] = {{15,25},{105,205}};
for( int i=0; i<2; i++){
for( int j=0; j<3; j++)
cout<<A[i][j]<<'\t';
cout<<endl; }
cout<<endl;
for(int i=0; i<2; i++){
for( int j=0; j<3; j++)
cout<<B[i][j]<<'\t';
cout<<endl; }
cout<<endl;
for(int i=0; i<2; i++){
for( int j=0; j<3; j++)
cout<<C[i][j]<<'\t'; 199
cout<<endl; }} ‫وائل قصاص‬
#include <iostream>
const int Rows = 3, Columns = 4;
void main() {
int A[Rows][Columns];
for (int i=0; i<Rows; i++)
for (int j=0; j<Columns; j++) {
cout<<"\nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
for (int i=0; i<Rows; i++){
for(int j=0; j<Columns; j++)
cout<<A[i][j]<<'\t';
cout<<endl; }}
200
#include <iostream> Find The sum of 2-D
using namespace std; arrays using functions`
int A_sum(int [ ][2],int);
void main(){
int x[3][2]={6,5,4,3,2,1};
int y[4][2]={5,4,3,2,3,4,1};
cout<<"The sum of the array x is " <<A_sum(x,3)<<endl;
cout<<"The sum of the array y is " <<A_sum(y,4)<<endl;
}
int A_sum(int a[ ][2],int r)
{
int s=0;
for(int i=0;i<r;i++)
s=s+a[i][j];
return s;
201
Diagonal Summation
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; ‫قطري‬
void main() {
cout<<"\nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
int DSum = 0;

DSum += A[i][i];
cout<<"Diagonal Sum = "<<DSum<<endl; 202

}
Inverse Diagonal Summation
#include <iostream>
void main() {
cout<<"\nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
int DSum = 0;
for (int j=0; j<Columns; j++)
if ( i+j== 3)
DSum += A[i][j];
cout<<"Diagonal Sum = "<<DSum<<endl; 203
Lower Triangular Multiplication
#include <iostream>
void main() { 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
for (int j=0; j<Columns; j++) { 2 2 1 1
cout<<"\nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:"; 2 2 2 1
cin>>A[i][j]; }
long LTmul = 1;
for (i=1; i<Rows; i++)

for(int j=0; j<i; j++)
LTmul *= A[i][j];
cout<<"Lower Traingular Mul = "<<LTmul<<endl;

} 204
Lower Triangular Multiplication
#include <iostream>
const int Rows = 4, Columns = 4; 1 1 1 1
void main() { 2 1 1 1
2 2 1 1
for (int j=0; j<Columns; j++) { 2 2 2 1
cout<<"\nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
long LTmul = 1;

if (i>j) LTmul *= A[i][j];
cout<<"Lower Traingular Mul = "<<LTmul<<endl; 205
Write a Program that copies an
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; array to another
const int R = 4, C= 3;
void main() {
int A[R][C];
int B[R][C];
for (int i=0; i<R; i++)

for (int j=0; j<C; j++) {
cout<<"\nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
for (int i=0 ;i<R;i++)
for(int j=0;i<C;j++)
B[i][j]=A[i][j];
for (int i=0; i<R; i++){

for(int j=0; j<C; j++)
cout<<B[i][j]<<'\t'; 206
cout<<endl; } ‫وائل قصاص‬
}
Write a function that copies a 2-D
array to another
void copyA(int x[ ][3],int y[ ][3],int r)
{
for(int i=0;i<r;i++)
y[i][j]=x[i][j];
}
207
Write a Program that copies an
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; array to another
const int R = 4, C= 3;
void main() {
int A[R][C];
int B[R][C];
for (int i=0; i<R; i++)

for (int j=0; j<C; j++) {
cout<<"\nEnter A["<<i<<"]["<<j<<"]:";
cin>>A[i][j]; }
copyA(A,B,4);
for (int i=0; i<R; i++){

for(int j=0; j<C; j++)
cout<<B[i][j]<<'\t';
cout<<endl; }
} 208
#include <iostream>
void read(int[],int);
int max(int[],int);
float avg (int [],int);
int count(int[],int,int);
void main (){
const int n=10 ;int c;int x[n];
read(x,n);
cout<<"please enter a num u r searching about";cin>>c;
cout<<"the elements found in "<<count(x,n,c)<<" places"<<endl;
cout<<"max="<<max(x,n)<<endl;cout<<"average"<<avg(x,n)<<endl;
}
void read(int a[],int s){

cout<<"enter" <<s<<" elements:"<<endl;
for(int i=0;i<s;i++)
cin>>a[i];}
float avg(int a[],int s){

float sum=0;
for (int i=0;i<s;i++)sum+=a[i];return sum/s;}
int max (int a[] , int n){

int m= a[0];
for (int i=1 ;i<n; i++)
if (a[i] > m)m=a[i];
return m ;}
int count(int a[],int b,int c){

int n=0;
for(int i=0;i<b;i++)
if(c==a[i])
209
n++;
return n;} ‫وائل قصاص‬
Store the following symbols in the
array Symbol. * $ $ $
# * $ $
#include <iostream> # # * $
using namespace std; # # # *
void main() {
char Symbol[Rows][Columns];
for (int j=0; j<Columns; j++)
if (i == j)
Symbol[i][j] = '*';
else if (i > j)
Symbol[i][j] = '#';
else
Symbol[i][j] = '$';
for (int i=0; i<Rows; i++){
cout<<Symbol[i][j]; 210
cout<<endl; } } ‫وائل قصاص‬
Matrix Matrix Summation
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int A[Rows][Columns], B[Rows][Columns], C[Rows][Columns];
cout<<"\nEnter Matrix A elements:\n";
for( int j=0; j<Columns; j++)
cin>>A[i][j];
cout<<"\nEnter Matrix B elements:\n";
cin>>B[i][j];
for(int i=0; i<Rows; i++)
for(int j=0; j< Columns; j++)
C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];
for(int i=0; i<Rows; i++){
cout<<C[i][j]<<'\t' ; 211
cout<<endl; }} ‫وائل قصاص‬

Write a function to add two Arrays
void add(int x[ ][4],int y[ ][4],int z[ ][4],int r)
{
212
#include <iostream>
void add(int[][4],int [][4],int[][4],int);
void main() {
int A[Rows][Columns], B[Rows][Columns], C[Rows][Columns];
cout<<"\nEnter Matrix A elements:\n";
cin>>A[i][j];
cout<<"\nEnter Matrix B elements:\n";
cin>>B[i][j];
cout<<"the sum of matrix arry is\n";
add(A,B,C,4);
for(int i=0; i<Rows; i++){
cout<<C[i][j]<<'\t' ;
cout<<endl;
}}
void add(int A[][4],int B[][4],int C[][4],int r)

{
for(int i=0; i<Rows; i++)
for(int j=0; j< Columns; j++)
C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];
} 213
Compute the average for 5 marks for 10 students
#include <iostream>
void main() {
int marks [10][5];
{ cout<<"Enter mark"<<j+1<<" for student"<<i+1<<":";
cin>>marks[i][j];}
‫كل طالب جديد‬
float av[10]; ‫يصفر الجمع اله‬
‫من اول وجديد‬
{ float sum=0;
sum+=marks[i][j];
av[i]=sum/5;}
for(int i=0; i<10; i++){for(int j=0; j<5; j++)
cout<<av[i]<<'\t' ;
cout<<endl; } 214
Transpose
int A[3][4], B[4][3];
cin>>A[i][j];
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
B[ j][i]=A[i][j];
Printing B ……..
215
Function to calculate the
Transpose of an array 3x4
void trans34(int x[3][4],int y[4][3])
{
for(int r=0;r<3;r++)
for(int c=0;c<4;c++)
y[c][r]=x[r][c];
}
216
Homework
1- Write program to compute and print the result of

Matrix A[n][n] multiplied by Matrix B[n][n] and
store the result within Matrix C[n][n].
2- Write program to Compute and print the result of

Matrix A[n][n] multiplied by Vector V[n] and store
the result within Vector C[n].
217
Second exam topics
1- do-while statement.
2- nested for loop
3- nested while statement
4- math library functions.
5- functions prototype and definitions.
6- rand () and srand() functions
7- scope rules (local, global and static variables)
8- Recursion
9- call by value and reference
10- Inline function
11- :: scope resolution operator.
12- one dim array only ( definition and passing one dim array218
to a function). ‫وائل قصاص‬
Strings
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char n[10];
char a[10]={'A','h','m','e','d'};
for(int i=0; i<5 ; i++)
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
} 219
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char a[10]={'I','b','r','a','h','e','e','m'};
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
} 220
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char a[10]={'A','h','m','e','d'};
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<" ";
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
}
} 221
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char a[10]="Ahmed";
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<" ";
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
}
} 222
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char a[10];
cout<<"Enter a name : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<a<<endl;
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<' ';
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
}
223
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char a[10];
char b[10];
cout<<"Enter ur first name : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter ur second name : ";
cin>>b;
cout<<"Hello "<<a<<" "<<b<<endl;
for(int i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
{for(int j=0;j<i;j++) If we put a[i]
cout<<' ';
cout<<a<<endl;
} 224
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char a[10];
cout<<"Enter a name : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<a<<endl;
int i;
for(i=0; a[i]!=0 ; i++)
cout<<' ';
cout<<a<<endl;
}
cout<<i<<endl;
} 225
Final exam question
• Write a function that returns the length of a
string or array of characters.
• The function prototype is

• int length(char[ ]);
226
int length(char name[ ])
{
for(int i=0;name[i]!=0;i++)
;
return i;
}
227
Ex: Write a program
#include <iostream>
that prints the name
void main()
inversed( from the last
{ char to the first
char name[10]; character
cout<<"Enter ur name : ";
cin>>name;
int i;
for(i=0; name[i]!=0 ; i++);
for(int j=i-1;j>=0;j--)
cout<<name[j];
cout<<endl;
}
228
Chapter 5 - Pointers and
Strings
Outline
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization
5.3 Pointer Operators
5.4 Calling Functions by Reference
5.7 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic

5.8 The Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays
5.9 Arrays of Pointers
5.12 Introduction to Character and String Processing

5.12.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions of the
String-handling Library
229
5.1 Introduction
• Pointers
– Powerful, but difficult to master
– Simulate call-by-reference
– Close relationship with arrays and strings
230
5.2 Pointer Variable
Declarations and Initialization
• Pointer variables
– Contain memory addresses as their values
– Normal variables contain a specific value (direct reference)
– Pointers contain the address of a variable that has a specific
value (indirect reference)
• Indirection countPtr count
count
– Referencing a pointer value 7

7
• Pointer declarations
– * indicates variable is a pointer
int *myPtr;
declares a pointer to an int, a pointer of type int *
– Multiple pointers require multiple asterisks
int *myPtr1, *myPtr2;
231
5.2 Pointer Variable
Declarations and Initialization
• Can declare pointers to any data type
• Pointers initialization
– Initialized to 0, NULL, or an address
• 0 or NULL points to nothing
232
• & (address operator)
– Returns the address of its operand
– Example
int y = 5;
int *yPtr;
yPtr = &y; // yPtr gets address of y
– yPtr "points to" y
y yptr y
5 500000 600000 600000 5
yPtr
address of y
is value of 233
yptr ‫وائل قصاص‬
• * (indirection/dereferencing operator)
– Returns the value of what its operand points to
– *yPtr returns y (because yPtr points to y).
– * can be used to assign a value to a location in
memory
*yptr = 7; // changes y to 7
– Dereferenced pointer (operand of *) must be an
lvalue (no constants)
• * and & are inverses
– Cancel each other out
*&myVar == myVar
and
234
&*yPtr == yPtr
Pointer
Pointer is a memory location, which contains a memory
address of another memory location, which belong to a
variable. We say that the pointer points to the variable.
#include <iostream>
void main() { ----------
12FF7C 10 a
int a = 10;
----------
int *ptr = &a;
cout<<ptr<<endl;
----------
cout<<&a<<endl; 12FB8D 12FF7C ptr
cout<<*ptr<<endl; ----------
cout<<a<<endl;
}
235
Pointers
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
int x=5;
int* y; // pointer to an integer
y=&x;
cout<<x<<endl<<&x<<endl;
cout<<y<<endl<<*y<<endl;
236
Output
The address of a is 006AFDF4
The value of aPtr is 006AFDF4
The value of a is 7
The value of *aPtr is 7
Showing that * and & are inverses of each other.
&*aPtr = 006AFDF4
*&aPtr = 006AFDF4
237
Example 1
#include <iostream>
void main( ) {
int a = 10, b = 20;
int *ptr_a, *ptr_b;
ptr_a = &a;
ptr_b = &b;
cout<<"a="<<*ptr_a<<'\t'<<"b="<<*ptr_b<<endl;
a += 10;
b += 20;
cout<<"a="<<*ptr_a<<'\t'<<"b="<<*ptr_b<<endl;
++*ptr_a;
++*ptr_b;
cout<<"a="<<a<<'\t'<<"b="<<b<<endl;
ptr_a = ptr_b;
cout<<"b="<<*ptr_a<<endl; 238
}
Example 2 (String)
St_name
-----
A
-----
#include <iostream> H
using namespace std; -----
void main() { m
char *St_name; -----
a
St_name = "Ahmad Ali"; -----
cout<<endl<<St_name<<endl; d
} -----
-----
A
-----
L
----- 239
i ‫وائل قصاص‬
Example 3 (String)
-----
A St_name[0]
-----
#include <iostream> H St_name[1]
using namespace std; -----
void main() { m St_name[2]
char St_name[20]; -----
a St_name[3]
cout<<"Please enter your name: ";
-----
cin.getline(St_name,20,'\n'); d St_name[4]
cout<<endl<<St_name<<endl; -----
} St_name[5]
-----
A St_name[6]
-----
L St_name[7]
-----
i St_name[8]
240
Example 4 (array name is a static
pointer) -----
B1 F1 Vector
#include <iostream>
-----
using namespace std; B2 F1 ptr
void main() { -----
float Vector[5] = {3.2, 2.2, 6.2, 4.2, 9.2};
float *ptr; -----
ptr = Vector; // ptr=&Vector[0];
-----
for (int i=0; i<5; i++) F1 1.2 Vactor[0]
{ -----
cout<<"\n"<<*ptr; F2 2.2 Vactor[1]
++ptr; } -----
F3 3.2 Vactor[2]
}
-----
F4 4.2 Vactor[3]
----- 241
F5 5.2 Vactor[4
]
5.4 Calling Functions by
Reference
• Call by reference with pointer arguments
– Pass address of argument using & operator
– Allows you to change actual location in memory
– Arrays are not passed with & because the array name is
already a pointer
– * operator used as alias/nickname for variable inside of
function
void doubleNum( int *number )
{
*number = 2 * ( *number );
}
– *number used as nickname for the variable passed in
– When the function is called, must be passed an address
doubleNum( &myNum );
242
1 // Fig. 5.7: fig05_07.cpp
2 // Cube a variable using call-by-reference
3 // with a pointer argument
5
6 using std::cout;
7 using std::endl;
8
9 void cubeByReference( int * ); // prototype
10
11int main()
12{
13 int number = 5;
14
15 cout << "The original value of number is " << number;
16 cubeByReference( &number );
17 cout << "\nThe new value of number is " << number << endl;
18 return 0;
19}
20
21void cubeByReference( int *nPtr )
22{ 243
23 *nPtr = *nPtr * *nPtr * *nPtr; // cube number in main
24}
The original value of number is 5
The new value of number is 125
244
5.7 Pointer Expressions and
Pointer Arithmetic
• Pointer arithmetic
– Increment/decrement pointer (++ or --)
– Add/subtract an integer to/from a pointer( + or += , - or -=)
– Pointers may be subtracted from each other
– Pointer arithmetic is meaningless unless performed on an array
• 5 element int array on a machine using 4 byte ints
– vPtr points to first element v[ 0 ], which is at location 3000
• vPtr = 3000 location
– vPtr += 2; sets vPtr to 3008 3000 3004 3008 3012 3016
• vPtr points to v[ 2 ] v[0] v[1] v[2] v[3] v[4]
pointer variable vPtr
245
#include <iostream>
void main( )
{
int v[5]={4,2,7,3,10};
int *vp;
vp=&v[0];
cout<<*vp<<endl;
cout<<*(vp+2)<<endl;
vp+=2;
cout<<*vp;
246
#include <iostream>
void main( )
{
int v[5]={5,2,7,3,10};
int *vp;
vp=&v[0];
cout<<*(vp++)<<endl;
} 247
#include <iostream>
void main( )
{
int v[5]={5,2,7,3,10};
int *vp;
vp=v; // v is a pointer to v[0]
cout<<*(vp++)<<endl;
}
248
Pointer Arithmetic
• Subtracting pointers
– Returns the number of elements between two
addresses
vPtr2 = &v[ 2 ]; \\3008
vPtr = &v[ 0 ]; \\3000
vPtr2 - vPtr == 2
• Pointer comparison
– Test which pointer points to the higher
numbered array element
– Test if a pointer points to 0 (NULL)
249
if ( vPtr == ‘0’ )
statement
Pointer Arithmetic
• Pointers assignment
– If not the same type, a cast operator must be
used
– Exception: pointer to void (type void *)
• Generic pointer, represents any type
• No casting needed to convert a pointer to void
pointer
• void pointers cannot be dereferenced
250
5.8 The Relationship Between
Pointers and Arrays
• Arrays and pointers closely related
– Array name like constant pointer
– Pointers can do array subscripting operations
– Having declared an array b[ 5 ] and a
pointer bPtr
• bPtr is equal to b
bptr == b
• bptr is equal to the address of the first element of
b
bptr == &b[ 0 ]
251
5.8 The Relationship Between
Pointers and Arrays
• Accessing array elements with pointers
– Element b[ n ] can be accessed by *( bPtr + n )
• Called pointer/offset notation
– Array itself can use pointer arithmetic.
• b[ 3 ] same as *(b + 3)
– Pointers can be subscripted (pointer/subscript notation)
• bPtr[ 3 ] same as b[ 3 ]
252
Arrays and Pointers
#include <iostream>
void main( )
{
int a[10]={1,5, 7, 4, 3, 2, 8, 9, 11, 12};
int *p;
p = a;
for (int i=0; i<10; i++)
cout<<a[i]<<endl; // ‫الطريقة التقليدية لطباعة المصفوفة‬
cout<<endl;
for (int i=0; i<10; i++)
{ cout<<*p<<endl; // ‫طريقة لطباعة المصفوفة عن باستخدام العناوين‬
p++; }
} 253
#include <iostream>
void main( )
{
int a[10]={1,5, 7, 4, 3, 2, 8, 9, 11, 12};
int *p;
p = a;
for (int i=0; i<10; i++)
cout<<a[i]<<endl;
cout<<endl;
for (int i=0; i<10; i++)
cout<<*(p+i)<<endl; // ‫نفس المثال السابق ولكن بدون تعديل قيمة المؤشر‬
}
254
Example 2: Write a
program to compare two
#include <iostream> arrays if they are
using namespace std; equivalent or not.
void main( )
{int a[5]={1, 3, 5, 7, 9};
int b[5]={1, 3, 5, 8, 9};
bool flag=true;
for (int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
if (*(a+i)!=*(b+i)) // ‫ تكافئ‬if(a[i] != b[i])
{ flag = false; break; }
}
if (flag)
cout<<"Two arrays are equivalent ";
else
cout<<"Two arrays are not equivalent";
255
Difference between arrays of char
and arrays of int
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char a[10]="Ahmad"; // prints Ahmed
cout<<a<<endl;
int b[10]={1,2,3,4,5};
cout<<b<<endl; // prints the address of
//the first element in the array
} 256
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char a[10]="Ahmad"; // prints Ahmed
cout<<a<<endl;
int b[10]={1,2,3,4,5};
cout<<b<<endl; // prints the address of
//the first element in the array
int x=5;
int* y; // pointer to an integer
y=&x;
cout<<x<<endl<<&x<<endl;
cout<<y<<endl<<*y<<endl; 257
5.9 Arrays of Pointers
• Arrays can contain pointers
– Commonly used to store an array of strings
char *suit[ 4 ] = {"Hearts", "Diamonds",
"Clubs", "Spades" };
– Each element of suit is a pointer to a char * (a string)
– The strings are not in the array, only pointers to the strings are in
the array
suit[0] ’H’ ’e’ ’a’ ’r’ ’t’ ’s’ ’\0’
suit[1] ’D’ ’i’ ’a’ ’m’ ’o’ ’n’ ’d’ ’s’ ’\0’
suit[2] ’C’ ’l’ ’u’ ’b’ ’s’ ’\0’
suit[3] ’S’ ’p’ ’a’ ’d’ ’e’ ’s’ ’\0’
– suit array has a fixed size, but strings can be of any size
258
5.12.1 Fundamentals of
Characters and Strings
• Character constant ‫االساسيات‬
– Integer value of a character
– Single quotes
– 'z' is the integer value of z, which is 122
• String
– Series of characters treated as one unit
– Can include letters, digits, special characters +, -, * ...
– String literal (string constants)
• Enclosed in double quotes, for example:
"I like C++"
– Array of characters, ends with null character '\0'
– Strings are constant pointers (like arrays)
• Value of string is the address of its first character 259
• String assignment
– Character array:
char color[] = "blue";
• Creates 5 element char array, color, (last
element is '\0')
– variable of type char *
char *colorPtr = "blue";
• Creates a pointer to string "blue", colorPtr,
and stores it somewhere in memory
260
• Reading strings
– Assign input to character array word[ 20 ]
cin >> word
• Reads characters until whitespace or EOF
• String could exceed array size
cin >> setw( 20 ) >> word;
• Reads 19 characters (space reserved for '\0')
• cin.getline ‫تجاوز‬
– Reads a line of text
– Using cin.getline
cin.getline( array, size, delimiter character);
261
• cin.getline
– Copies input into specified array until either
• One less than the size is reached
• The delimiter character is input
– Example
char sentence[ 80 ];
cin.getline( sentence, 80, '\n' );
262
5.12.2 String Manipulation Functions
of the String-handling Library
• String handling library <cstring> provides functions to
‫التالعب‬
– Manipulate strings
– Compare strings
– Search strings
– Tokenize strings (separate them into logical pieces)
• ASCII character code
– Strings are compared using their character codes
– Easy to make comparisons (greater than, less than, equal to)
• Tokenizing ‫منفصل‬
– Breaking strings into tokens, separated by user-specified
characters
– Tokens are usually logical units, such as words (separated by
spaces)
– "This is my string" has 4 word tokens (separated by 263
spaces) ‫وائل قصاص‬
of the String-handling Library
char *strcpy( char *s1, const Copies the string s2 into the character
char *s2 ); array s1. The value of s1 is returned.
char *strncpy( char *s1, const Copies at most n characters of the string s2 into the
char *s2, size_t n ); character array s1. The value of s1 is returned.
char *strcat( char *s1, const Appends the string s2 to the string s1. The first
char *s2 ); character of s2 overwrites the terminating null
character of s1. The value of s1 is returned.
‫يضيف‬
char *strncat( char *s1, const Appends at most n characters of string s2 to string s1.
char *s2, size_t n ); The first character of s2 overwrites the terminating null
character of s1. The value of s1 is returned.
int strcmp( const char *s1, Compares the string s1 with the string s2. The function
const char *s2 ); returns a value of zero, less than zero or greater than
zero if s1 is equal to, less than or greater than s2,
264
respectively.
‫على التوالي‬
of the String-handling Library (III)
int strncmp( const char *s1, const Compares up to n characters of the
char *s2, size_t n ); string s1 with the string s2. The
function returns zero, less than zero or
greater than zero if s1 is equal to, less
than or greater than s2, respectively.
char *strtok( char *s1, const char A sequence of calls to strtok breaks
*s2 ); string s1 into "tokens"—logical pieces
such as words in a line of text—
delimited by characters contained in
string s2. The first call contains s1 as
the first argument, and subsequent calls
to continue tokenizing the same string
contain NULL as the first argument. A
pointer to the current token is returned
by each call. If there are no more
tokens when the function is called,
NULL is returned.
size_t strlen( const char *s ); Determines the length of string s. The
number of characters preceding the
terminating null character is returned. 265
String Functions
To use string functions we must include the
<cstring> library or <string.h> library in
the top of the program
• #include <cstring>
• String functions that we will cover are:
– strcpy
– strncpy
– strcat
– Strncat
– Strcmp
– Strncmp 266
– strlen ‫وائل قصاص‬

Example on strcpy, strncpy
#include <iostream>
#include<string.h>
void main( )
{
char x[ ]="Happy Birthday to You";
char y[25];
char z[15];
strcpy(y, x);
cout<<x<<" "<<y<<endl;
strncpy(z, x,14);
z[14]='\0'; // strncpy doesn’t add \0 at the end
cout<<z<<endl;
} 267
‫‪Output‬‬
‫‪268‬‬
Example on strcat, strncat
#include <iostream>
#include<string.h>
void main( )
{
char s1[20]="Happy";
char s2[ ]="New Year";
char s3[40]=""; // this puts \0 in the whole array
cout<<s1<<" "<<s2<<endl;
strcat(s1, s2);
strncat(s3, s1, 5);
strcat(s3, s1);
269
‫‪Output‬‬
‫‪270‬‬
#include <iostream>
#include<string.h>
void main( )
{
char s1[ ]="Happy New Year";
char s2[ ]="Happy New Year";
char s3[ ]="Happy Holidays";
cout<<s1<<"\n"<<s2<<"\n"<<s3<<"\n";
cout<<strcmp(s1, s2)<<"\n"
<<strcmp(s1, s3)<<"\n"
‫دكتور هيك‬
<<strcmp(s3, s1)<<endl;
cout<<strncmp(s1,s3,6)<<"\n"
‫الناتج بيطلع‬
<<strncmp(s1, s3, 7)<<"\n"
<<strncmp(s3, s1,7)<<endl; 271
Output
Happy New Year
Happy New Year
Happy Holidays
0
1
-1
0
1
-1
Press any key to continue
272

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Using Visual C++ to write your program

1- Start  Programs  Microsoft Visual Studio 6  Microsoft Visual C++ 6

(x != y) also gives true or false according to the values of x

&& True False

(3) NOT table

9 (This is the final result)

15 (this is the final result)

If x = True, y = False, z = False, find the value of the

False (the final result)

• X=true, Y=false, Z= false

If a = 3, b = 5, x = true, y = false, find the value of the

True (the final result)

there are three loop techniques:

• Write a program that prints the numbers

#include <iostream> Program

Statements will be executed repeatedly while condition is true. When the

Statements will be executed repeatedly while condition is true. When the

The loop body will be executed at least one.

Resolve all problems in the presentation 5 and 6 by using the

default: // taken if variable matches no other

2.8 switch Multiple-Selection

case 0: cout<<"Not old enough to take a driving license"<<endl;

cout<<"Your grade is "<<grade<<endl; 99

‫‪2,1‬‬ ‫‪2,2‬‬ ‫‪2,3‬‬ ‫‪2,4‬‬ ‫‪2,5‬‬

‫‪3,1‬‬ ‫‪3,2‬‬ ‫‪3,3‬‬ ‫‪3,4‬‬ ‫‪3,5‬‬

‫‪4,1‬‬ ‫‪4,2‬‬ ‫‪4,3‬‬ ‫‪4,4‬‬ ‫‪4,5‬‬

‫‪5,1‬‬ ‫‪5,2‬‬ ‫‪5,3‬‬ ‫‪5,4‬‬ ‫‪5,5‬‬

for (int i=1;i<=4;i++)

Its expected that the occurrence of

• This function should take the length and

double area(double X,double Y)

int max(int a,int b,int c)

return p;} 143

void print_sum(int x,int y)

void print_sum(int x,int y)

void main() Entered by user

void square(int & a) // call by reference

void read_two_numbers (int & a,int &b)

void f(int x,int y)

int feb(int n){

int feb(int n){

int sum (int a, int b) We can return “a”(the same)

One Dimensional array

Two Dimensional array

Read Elements Print Elements

int A[5] = {10,20,15,100,30};

{ for (int i=0; i<5; i++)

for(int i=0; i<Size; i++)

int Max = Vector[0];

int Max = Vector[0]; The

cout<<"Max= "<<Vector[pos]<<" at pos "<<pos<<endl; 183

if (!Found) // if (found==false) 185

for(int i=0; i<Size; i++)

for(int pass=1; pass<Size; pass++)

for(int i=0; i<Size; i++)

for( int i=0; i<Size; i++)

for(int pass=1; pass<Size; pass++)

for(int i=0; i<Size - 1; i++)

for(int i=0; i<Size; i++)

void swap(int & x,int & y)

void Arr_read(int x[ ],int size)