Soil Mechanics (6TH SEMESTER)

Foundation

Functions of Foundation

• Distribution of loads
• Stability against sliding and overturning
• Minimize differential settlement
• Safe against undermining
• Provide level surface
• Minimize distress against soil movement
Foundation
Functions of Foundation

Distribution of Loads

• Foundation help to distribute the loads of

super structure to a large area of soil
• Thus the intensity of the load does not
exceed safe bearing capacity of soil.
• For deep foundations superimposed loads
are transmitted to the soil by end
bearing/side friction/both
Functions of Foundation

Stability against Sliding & Overturning

• Foundation gives stability of super structure

by anchoring it to the ground.
• Sliding & Overturning occurs due to
horizontal loads by wind and earthquake.
Functions of Foundation

Minimize Differential Settlement

• Foundation distributes superimposed loads

evenly on subsoil even for non-uniform
load.
• Can be achieved by constructing combined
footing or raft foundation.
Functions of Foundation

Safe against undermining

• Foundation provides safety against scouring

or undermining by flood water or burrowing
animals.

Provide Level Surface

• Foundation provides level surface over

which super structure can be raised
Functions of Foundation

Minimize Distress against soil

• Failure due to expansion or contraction of

subsoil due to moisture variation in clayey
or black-cotton soil minimized by providing
special type of foundation.
Functions of Foundation

Types of Foundation

• Shallow Foundation
Depth of foundation equal to or less than
it’s width (according to Terzaghi)

• Deep Foundation
Depth of the foundation equal to or greater
than it’s width(according to Terzaghi).
Functions of Foundation

Types of Foundation
• Shallow Foundation
• Spread Footing
• Strap Footing
• Combined Footing
• Mat/Raft Footing
• Deep Foundation
• Pile Foundation
• Pier Foundation
• Well Foundation
Functions of Foundation

Spread Footing
• Used to transmit load of an isolated column
or wall to the subsoil.
Functions of Foundation

Combined Footing
• A spread footing which supports two or
more columns.
• Rectangular
• Trapezoidal
• Strap
Rectangular: Columns carry equal loads
Trapezoidal: Columns carry unequal loads
Strap : Distance between columns large.
Spread footing of two columns
connected by a strap beam.
Functions of Foundation

Combined Footing

Strap Footing

Rectangular&Trapezoidal
Functions of Foundation

Raft or Mat Foundation

• Combined footing that covers the entire area
beneath the structure and supports all the
walls and columns
Deep Foundation

Pile Foundation
• Special kind of deep foundation where depth
of foundation is much greater than the width
of foundation.
• Adopted where stratum of required bearing
capacity at greater depth
• Used where soil is waterlogged
• Used where soil is compressible
Deep Foundation

Major uses of Pile Foundation

• To carry vertical compressive load
• To resist uplift load
• To resist horizontal or inclined loads
Deep Foundation

Classification of Piles
• Based on Function
• End Bearing Pile
• Friction Pile
• Compaction Pile
• Tension/Uplift Pile
• Anchor Pile
• Fender Pile and Dolphins
• Batter Pile
• Sheet Pile
Deep Foundation

Classification of Piles
• Based on Material and Composition
• Concrete Pile
• Steel Pile
• Timber Pile
• Composite Pile
• Concrete & Timber
• Concrete & Steel
Deep Foundation

Classification of Piles
• Based on method of installation
• Driven Pile
• Cast-in-situ Pile
• Driven & Cast-in-situ Pile
Deep Foundation

• End Bearing Pile

• Used to transfer load through soft soil or
water to a suitable bearing stratum.
• Friction Pile
• Used to transfer load by skin friction
along the length of the pile.
• Compaction Pile
• Used to compact loose granular soil thus
increasing bearing capacity. They donot
carry any load. Pile tube driven to
compact the soil, taken out
gradually,sand is fiiled in its place.
Deep Foundation
Deep Foundation
Deep Foundation

• Tension Pile
• Used to anchor down the structures
subjected to uplift due to overturning
moment or hydrostatic pressure.
• Anchor Pile
• Used to provide anchorage against
horizontal pull from sheet piling or other
pulling forces.
Deep Foundation

• Fender or Dolphin
• Used to protect water front structures
against the impact from ships.
• Sheet Piles
• Used to reduce seepage and uplift under
hydraulic structure.
• Batter Piles
• Used to reduce large horizontal and
inclined forces
Deep Foundation
Deep Foundation
Deep Foundation

• Precast Concrete pile

• Used for approximate 80T load
• Must be reinforced
• Loads for handling stresses should be
considered.
• Require space for casting and storage
Deep Foundation
Deep Foundation

• Cast-in-situ Driven Concrete pile

• Constructed by driving a hollow closed
ended concrete or steel casing into the
ground and then filling it with concrete.
Deep Foundation

• Cast-in-situ Bored Concrete pile

• Constructed by drilling and auguring and
then reinforcement is placed and concrete is
poured into the hole.
• Suitable for clayey soil.
• Toe can be enlarged to provide greater end
bearing capacity of pile.
• Not economic in granular soils and can
induce settlement in the surrounding area
due to removal of soil during construction.
Deep Foundation

• Cast-in-situ Bored Concrete pile

Deep Foundation

• Cast-in-situ Bored Concrete pile

• Under Reamed is a special type of bored pile
having a bulb at some point in its length to
anchor the foundation in expansive soil
subjected to alternate expansion and
contraction.
Deep Foundation

• Foundation in Black Cotton Soil

• When the soil occurs in top layer ie. within 1
to 1.5m depth the entire soil should be
removed and then foundation is constructed
on non shrinkable and non expansive soil.
• When the depth of clay is large, wide and
deep foundation trench is cut and sand and
mooram is filled around and beneath the
footing.
• Under reamed pile foundation is the best
choice for this type of soil . The bulb of the
pile should be kept at lower level of the
Deep Foundation

• Timber Piles
• Made from timber obtained from trees like
sal, teak, deodar etc.
Deep Foundation

• Steel Pile
Deep Foundation

• Composite Pile
• Piles of two different materials driven one
over the other.
• Act as a single pile.
Deep Foundation

• Ultimate Load carrying capacity of Pile

• Maximum load carried by a pile
• At which the pile continues to sink without
further increase of load.
• Allowable Load
• Safe load the pile can carry
• Obtained by dividing ultimate load by factor
of safety.
• Methods for determining load carrying capacity
• Dynamic & Static formulae
• Pile load test & Penetration test
Deep Foundation

• Methods for determining load carrying capacity

• Dynamic & Static formulae
• Pile load test & Penetration test
• Pile spacing in a pile group
• A spacing of three times the diameter of pile
required to get the full capacity of a single
pile in a pile group.
• The pile group capacity will be the allowable
capacity of pile multiplied by the number of
piles in a group.
Deep Foundation
Deep Foundation

• Negative Skin Friction

• Downward drag acting on a pile due to
downward movement of the surrounding
compressible soil.
• If a fill of soft clay is placed over a
granular soil in which a pile is driven, the
fill gradually consolidates producing a
downward drag force on pile.
Deep Foundation
Retaining Wall

• Retaining Wall
• Used for maintaining the ground surfaces
at different elevations on either side of it
• Provide lateral support to vertical slopes
of soils otherwise the soil will collapse
into more natural form.
• The retained soil is referred to as backfill.
Retaining Wall

• Types of Retaining Wall

• Gravity retaining wall
• Semi gravity retaining wall
• Cantilever retaining wall
• Counterfort retaining wall
Retaining Wall
Retaining Wall

• Forces acting on the retaining wall

• Lateral Force
• Earth pressure due to backfill and
surcharge
• Vertical Force
• Acting downward
• Self weight of retaining wall
• Weight of the soil above heel slab
• Acting Upward
• Force due to soil pressure on the
base slab
Retaining Wall
Retaining Wall
Retaining Wall

• Stability Conditions
• Retaining wall must be stable as whole
and have sufficient strength to resist the
load acting on it.
• The wall must resist the bending moment
and shear force
• The wall should not overturn.
• The maximum pressure should not
exceed the SBC of the soil
• The wall should not slide due to the
lateral force.
Retaining Wall

• Preliminary dimensions based on

experience
• Base width b = 0.48H to 0.56H
• Toe protection = 0.3b
• Thickness of base slab = Thickness of
wall= H/12
• Top width of stem=150mm to 300mm
Retaining Wall
Retaining Wall
Retaining Wall

Counterford retaining wall

Bearing Capacity

Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Factors

Bearing Capacity

Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Concept

Plate Load Test
Standard Penetration test