Fluid Structure Interaction On AGARD

445.6 At Transonic Speeds

By
V KARTHIK KUMAR (11M91A2139)

MD DASTAGEER AHMED (11M91A2122)

M. SUSHEEL KUMAR RAJ (11M91A2134)

 Introduction
What is FSI ?
Importance/ Use of FSI
AGARD 445.6 Wing

WHAT IS FSI ?
• FSI or Fluid Structure Interaction is a multi-physics, nonlinear
and a multidisciplinary problem where solid structures interact
with a internal or surrounding fluid flow
• FSI problems occur when a fluid interacts with a solid
structure, exerting pressure on it which may cause deformation
in the structure. And in return, the deformed structure alters the
flow field. The altered flow , in turn exerts a different kind of
force on the structure in a repeat of the process.
 Importance/ Use of FSI

• Fluid Structure Interactions may be stable or oscillatory, and is

a crucial concept in medical and engineering aspects. Failing
to consider which, the consequences may be catastrophic.

• General FSI problems deal with the flow of fluid in a pipe (or
a blood vessel) or the flow of fluid over an airplane wing (or a
ships rudder)
 AGARD 445.6 Wing
• AGARD is an acronym for Advisory Group for Aerospace
Research and Development and was an agency of NATO that
existed from 1952 to 1996 .

• AGARD merged with the NATO Defence Research Group

(DRG) in 1996 to become the NATO Research and
Technology Organisation (RTO).

• The AGARD 445.6 was adapted into the NACA series. It is a

widely used benchmark in computational dynamic Aero-
elasticity.
 ABSTRACT
Fluid–structure interaction problems in general are often too
complex to solve analytically and so they have to be analyzed by
means of experiments or numerical simulation. Studying these
phenomena requires modeling of both fluid and structure. Many
approaches in computational aero elasticity seek to synthesize
independent computational approaches for the aerodynamic and the
structural dynamic subsystems. This strategy is known to be fraught
with complications associated with the interaction between the two
simulation modules. AGARD 445.6 wing will be generated along
with the fluid domain. The transonic flow in subsonic flow regime
(M= 0.9) over the wing will be simulated and the results will be
validated by comparing the computational results with the
previously published results. The stresses induced corresponding to
the flow will be computed using the ANSYS Workbench. This
project provides basic knowledge of FSI in aerodynamics.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
BRIEF HISTORY
• In 1828, the concept of hydrodynamic mass was proposed
Friedrich Bessel who found out that a pendulum moving in a
fluid had longer period than in a vacuum even though the
buoyancy effects were taken into account. This finding meant
that the surrounding fluid increased the effective mass of the
system.
• Later, in 1843 Stokes performed a study on the uniform
acceleration of an infinite cylinder moving in an infinite fluid
medium and concluded that the effective mass of the cylinder
moving in the fluid increased due to the effect of surrounding
fluid by the amount of hydrodynamic mass equal to the mass
of the fluid displaced. It was known that this finding proposed
the concept of fluid-structure interaction
 CLASSIFICATION of FSI
Fluid-structure interaction system is classified as either strongly or
weakly coupled.
• Weakly coupled fluid-structure system: if a structure in the flow field or
containing flowing fluid deforms slightly or vibrates with small amplitude,
it will affect negligibly the flow field because of the relatively low pressure.
These fluid-structure interaction systems are called weakly coupled
systems. For these FSI systems, it is assumed that the force acting on the
fluid due to the structural motion can be linearly super-imposed onto the
original forcing function in the fluid.

• Strongly coupled fluid-structure system: Fluid-structure systems are

called strongly coupled systems if alteration of the flow field due to large
deformation or high amplitude- vibration of the structure cannot be
neglected. In such strongly coupled fluid-structure systems in which large
structural deformation or displacement results in a significant alteration of
original flow field, both altered and original flow fields cannot be linearly
super- imposed upon each other .
 TYPES OF FSI
There are three types of fluid-structure interactions

• Zero strain interactions: Such as the transport of suspended solids in a

liquid matrix.

• Constant strain steady flow interactions: The constant force exerted on

an oil-pipeline due to viscous friction between the pipeline walls and the
fluid.

• Oscillatory interactions: Where the strain induced in the solid structure

causes it to move such that the source of strain is reduced, and the structure
returns to its former state only for the process to repeat.
 ADVANTAGES
Practical uses fluid film interaction

• FSI is responsible for countless useful effects in engineering

• It allows fans and propellers to function.

• Sails on marine vehicles to provide thrust.

• Aerofoil's on racecars to produce down force.

 METHODOLOGY USED
PROBLEM DEFINITION

AGARD 445.6 is widely used benchmark in computational

Aero-elasticity. FSI arises in transient flow experiments are
highly expensive and can be destructive. AGARD 445.6 wing
is selected as it is regarded as benchmark in dynamic aero-
elastic analysis. The transient flow in subsonic regime (M=
0.9) over the AGARD 445.6 wing will be simulated and the
results will be validated by comparing the computational
results with the previously published results. The stresses
induced corresponding to the flow will be computed using the
ANSYS Workbench.
 OBJECTIVE
Aim: To study the FSI on an aircraft wing.

This project consists of the following major categories which

encompasses.
• To obtain a numerical study of FSI
• To study the effect of fluid on the structure and vice versa.
• Providing exposure to the FSI problem.

While it is realized that a larger quantum of work is required to

make the study more meaningful, this project was largely aimed at
gaining a basic understanding and better overview of the
fundamental structural behavior of the AGARD 445.6 wing under
practical load conditions.
 SOFTWARE PACKAGES USED
ANSYS is a general- purpose finite element analysis (FEA)
software package that is extensively used in industries to
resolve several mechanical problems. FEA is a method of
fragmenting a composite system in to small pieces called
elements.

 ANSYS offers a comprehensive range of engineering

simulation solution sets providing access to virtually any field
of engineering simulation that a design process requires.
 ANSYS is uses in industries in order to solve several
mechanical problems and fluid- structure interaction problems
 ANSYS is a flexible and cost effective tool.
 MODELLING
The AGARD 445.6 wing is generated in CATIA by importing the point
data in to the software using MACROS; AGARD 445.6 wing is a swept
back wing with root chord as 558mm and wing tip as 368.2mm. Geometry
wing in CATIA is shown in figure below.

Figure : Design of AGARD 445.6 wing in CATIA

The generated wing is design modeler is shown below in the
figure. It provides an easy way to model complex geometries and
has most of the features that commercial modeling software offer.
The best advantage of Design modeler is that we don’t need to
clean geometry for meshing and further processing.

Figure : Generated wing in Design modeler

 MESHING
CFX-mesh method is used for meshing; Mesh is generated on
the domain with the wing as wall-solid.

Figure : representing mesh on the fluid domain

Figure : Showing mesh over the wing using wireframe view
 RESULT
After completion of the iterations the lift, drag and moment
graphs are obtained with respect to the iteration, as shown in
below figures.

Figure 4.25: scaled residuals graph

Figure : Drag plot

Figure : lift plot

Figure : contour of static temperature

Figure contour of Turbulent Kinetic energy