Cold & Cloudy Climate

SUBMITTED TO :- GROUP MEMBERS :-

Ar. Manvendra Singh Dharmendra Kumar (GL)
Avinash kushwaha
Prisha Singh
Neha pal
INTRODUCTION
Generally, the northern part of India
experiences this type of climate.
Most cold and wet regions are situated at
high altitudes. Ootacamund, Shimla,
Shillong, Srinagar and Mahabaleshwar are
examples of places belonging to this
climatic zone
 Element of climate
 SOLAR RADIATION: The intensity of solar radiation is low in
winter with a high percentage of diffuse radiation.
 TEMPERATURE: In summer, the maximum ambient
temperature is in the range of 20 – 30 ºC during the day
and 17 – 27 ºC at night.
 RAINFALL: The rainfall is received mostly in the summer and
is about 65 cm in the west and increases to 250 cm
annually to the east and near the Himalayas.
 HUMIDITY: The relative humidity is generally high and
ranges from 70 – 80 %.
 PRECIPITATION: Annual total precipitation is about 1000
mm and is distributed evenly throughout the year.
• Relative humidity
varies between 70% and 80%.

• Precipitation
moderate, distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, the year
annual total around 1000mm except during the brief summer
period.

• Winds
generally intense, especially during rainfall
Prevailing wind - W-E
secondary wind – NE , NW , N

• Sky condition
overcast for most part of year, except during the brief summer
period.
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
 Mahoney table
Location : Shimla
Longitude : 770 10’E
Latitude : 310 06’N
Air Temperature
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Monthly mean max. 8.5 10.3 14.4 19.2 23.4 24.3 21 20.1 20 17.9 15 11.3

Monthly mean min. 1.9 3.1 6.8 11.2 15 16.2 15.6 15.2 13.8 10.8 7.3 4.2
Monthly mean range 6.6 7.2 7.6 8 8.4 8.1 5.4 4.9 6.2 7.1 7.7 7.1

High : 23.4 AMT : 12.6

Low : 1.9 AMR : 21.5
 Relative humidity %
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Monthly mean max. (am) 48 45 37 32 34 53 86 89 75 47 31 36
Monthly mean min. (pm) 62 59 48 37 35 53 88 92 82 59 48 55
Average 55 52 42 34 34 53 87 90 78 53 39 45
Humidity group 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 2 2

Humidity group 1 If average RH is below 30%

Humidity group 2 If average RH is between 30 – 50%
Humidity group 3 If average RH is between 50 - 70%
Humidity group 4 If average RH is above 70%
Rainfall :-
Rainfall(mm) 24.9 21.8 16.5 6.8 7.9 6.5 211.1 172.9 149.7 31.2 1.2 5

Wind :-
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Prevailing wind SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW
 Table No. - 2
Forecast Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Monthly mean max 8.5 10.3 14.4 19.2 23.4 24.3 21 20.1 20 17.9 15 11.3

Day comfort limit 26 26 27 27 27 26 24 24 24 26 27 27

upper
Day comfort limit 19 19 20 20 20 19 18 18 18 19 20 20
lower
Monthly mean min. 1.9 3.1 6.8 11.2 15 16.2 15.6 15.2 13.8 10.8 7.3 4.2
night comfort limit 19 19 20 20 20 19 18 18 18 19 20 20
upper
night comfort limit 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
lower
Thermal stress day C C C C O O O O O C C C

Thermal stress night C C C C O O O O O C C C

H HOT ABOVE LIMIT

O COMFORT WITHIN LIMIT
C COLD BELOW LIMIT
 Analysis : -

Humidity Group Amt over 200C Amt over 150C -200C Amt Below 200C

DAY NIGHT DAY NIGHT DAY NIGHT

1 26 -34 17-25 23-32 14-23 21-30 12-21
2 25-31 17-24 22-30 14-22 20-27 12-20
3 23-29 17-23 21-28 14-21 19-26 12-19
4 22-27 17-21 20-25 14-20 18-24
 ORIENTATION ( N-S)
• Building must be compact with small surface to
volume ratios to reduce heat loss .
• Windows should face south to facilitate direct gain.
• The north side of the building should be well –
insulated
• Living areas can be located on the southern side
while utility areas such as stores can be on the
northern side.
• Heat generated by appliances in the rooms such as
kitchens may be used to heat the other parts of the
building.
 Planning of Spaces:
• The main habitable spaces of a building may be planned
and designed in such a manner, so that natural day light
is available.
• The stair cases, garages, toilets and stores may be
planned preferably on northern side.
• Minimum door and window openings on north side be
proposed to avoid heat losses.
• In order to capture maximum heat in winters, maximum
glazing be proposed on southern side.
• Glazing in proportion to total surface area of sought wall
shall not exceed more than 50% in mid-altitude regions.
 Integrating Solar Heating Systems in Building
Designs.
• Passive solar heating systems like solar air heating, water
heating, sun space, solar walls , space heating green houses
and solar thrombi wall etc. shall be integrated in the building
design, wherever possible on southern side, so as to allow
maximum direct solar access to these systems.

Solar Passive Cooling Design Features:-

Cross Ventilation: Windows on opposite sides of rooms shall
be provided for proper circulation and ventilation of fresh and
cool air in summers. Windows on Southern side shall be fixed
with overhangs of adequate height and width to provide
shade during the Summers.
Ground embankments:
Ground floor shall be provided with earth berming upto a height
of around 1.00 metre for taking the advantage of constant
temperature of the earth through out the year.

Outside temperature:
Outside temperature shall be modified by land- scaping

Reducing thermal losses:

The local building materials including stone, slate and mud shall
be utilized to meet the heating and cooling requirements by
storing warmth and keeping the building cool.
Outer Wall Thickness:
Outer walls of the building shall be made atleast 0.24 metre
thick or with cavity with air or with insulation for thermal
comfort and to avoid the transfer of heat from outer
environment to inner environment and vice-versa.
 Wall
• Walls should be made of materials that lose heat slowly.
• The south-facing walls (exposed to solar radiation) could be of
high thermal capacity (such as trombe wall ) to store day time
heat for later used.
• The walls should also be insulated.
• The insulation should have sufficient vapour barrier( such as
to coats of bitumen, 300 to 600 gouge polyethylene sheet or
aluminum foil) on the warm side to avoid condensation.
• Hollow and light weight concrete blocks are also quite
suitable.
• Skylight can be provided with shutters to avoid over heating in
summer.
• On the windward or north side cavity wall type of
construction may be adopted.
• ROOF
• False ceiling with internal insulation such as polyurethane
foam(TUF), tharmacoal, wood, wool etc. are feasible for
houses in cold climates.
• Aluminum foil is generally used between the insulation
layer and the roof to reduce heat loss to the exterior.
• A sufficiently sloping roof enables quick drainage of rain
water and snow.
• A solar air collector can be incorporated on the south
facing slope of the roof and hot air from if can be used for
space heating purposes.
• Skylights on the roof admit heat as well as light in winter.
• Skylights can be provided with shutters to avoid over
heating in summer.
• FENESTRATION
• It is advisable to have the maximum window area on the southern side of
the building to facilitated direct heat gain.
• They should be sealed and preferably double glazed to avoid heat losses
during winter night.
• Condensation in the air space between the panes should be prevented.
• Movable shades should be provided to prevent over heating in summer.

• COLOUR AND TEXTURE

• the external surfaces of the wall should be dark in color so that day absorb
heat from the sun.
 Shading Devices
Shading devices should be selected according to
orientation of the window.
• Vertical shading devices is most effective when the
sun is to one side of the elevation and at low angle,
such as eastern or western elevation.
• Horizontal shading devices is most effective when
the sun is opposite to the building face considered and
at high angle, such as for north and south facing
walls.
 Shadow angle
• Shadow angles are formed by sun shading
devices of projections on a wall exposed to the
sun. different design of sun shading devices from
different angles.
The performance of shading devices is specified
by to angles :
• Horizontal shadow angles
• Vertical shadow angles
these angles depend on the position of sun and
orientation where the window is facing.
 Horizontal shadow angle
• Horizontal shadow angle is required for vertical
shading devices.
• It is the horizontal angle between the normal of
the window pane and the azimuth of the sun.
Vertical shadow angles
• the vertical shadow angle is require for horizontal
shading devices.
• It is the angle between the ground line and the
altitude of the sun.