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DESIGN OF
RETAINING WALLS
2 Retaining Walls -
Applications
high
way
3 Retaining Walls -
Applications
High-rise
building
basement wall
Retaining Walls - Applications
4
Metros and Subways
Road
Train
E E
Tunnel
Dock
Abutment
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
GRAVITY WALLS
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
CANTILEVER
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
SIIT-Thammasat University RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
School of Civil Engineering-AIT

SIIT-Thammasat University RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
BUTTRESS

SIIT-Thammasat University
CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS
PARTS
STEM
or
Wall Slab
BACKFILL
FRONT
TOE HEEL
KEY

Lateral Earth Pressure
?
?
(R.P.
Weber)
?
?
(R.P.
Weber)
Water Pressure and Soil Pressure
Consider hydrostatic
condition Consider “at-rest” (geostatic) condition
sz
sx
Anisotropic
Isotropic
sz ≠ sx sz > sx
gy

EARTH PRESSURES
 PRESSURE AT REST
 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
 PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

PRESSURE AT REST
RIGID

At Rest Earth Pressure
One common earth pressure coefficient for the “at rest”
condition in granular soil is:
Ko = 1 – sin(φ)
Where: Ko is the “at rest” earth pressure coefficient and φ is
the soil friction value.
gz
z
K0gz
1 2
Eo  gh K o
h
h/3
K0gh
EARTH PRESSURES

Active
Failure
movem
ent
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
s3 = s1 . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)

RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
s3 = s1 . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)

sa = sv . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)
sa = sv . Ka – 2cKa Ka = tan2 (45 - /2)
Active Stress Distribution (c ≠ 0)
28
γ
zo
c≠0
Φ
H dry soil
_
- =
Ka γH 2 c (Ka)1/2 Ka γH – 2 c (Ka)1/2
Find zo:
Ka γzo – 2 c (Ka)1/2 = 0
Zo = 2c / γ (Ka)1/2
Pa = ?
Note :
z = 0  sv = 0 ; sa = -2cKa
z = H  sv = gH
The tensile stress decreases with depth and becomes zero at a depth
z = zc or
gzcKa – 2cKa = 0
and
2c
zc  zc = depth of tensile crack
g Ka
RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE FOR INCLINED BACKFILL
cos   cos 2   cos 2 

Ka  cos 
cos   cos 2   cos 2 
Pa  1 2 .g .H 2 .Ka
(for granular soil, c = 0)
For c- soil

s a  gzK a  gzK a ' cos 
where :
  2

c   c 2
Ka ' 
1 
2 cos   2  cos  sin  
cos  
2 2
 2 2
 c 2 
4 cos  cos   cos   4  cos   8  cos  sin  cos     1
 gz   gz   gz 
2
  
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

Passive
Failure
movem
ent
RANKINE PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

sp= sv . tan2(45+/2) + 2c . tan (45+/2)

Kp = tan2 (45 + /2)

sh = sv . Kp + 2cKp
Passive Stress Distribution (c ≠ 0)
40
γ
c≠0
Φ
H dry soil +- =
Kp γH 2 c (Kp)1/2 Kp γH + 2 c (Kp)1/2
sh = sv .Pp
Kp=+? 2cKp
Kp = tan2 (45 + /2)

Ka < K0< Kp
- △ +△
E
Ep
Eo
Ea o
-△ +△
△a △p
Relation among three earth pressures

Example 1
Example 2
A g1=17kN/m3
h1 =2m
c1=0
1=34o
B
h=5m
g2=19kN/m3
h2 =3m
c2=10kPa
2=16o
C
Solution:
A
h1=2m
h=5m 10.4kP
h2=3m B a
4.2kPa
C 36.6kP
a
paA  g 1 zK a1  0
paB上  g 1h1K a1＝10.4kPa
paB下  g 1h1K a 2－2c2 K a 2＝4.2kPa
paC  (g 1h1  g 2 h2 ) K a 2  2c2 K a 2  36.6kPa
Ea  10.4  2 / 2  (4.2  36.6)  3 / 2＝71.6kN / m
Active Stress Distribution (c = 0)
48
γ
c=0
Φ
H dry soil
Pa = ?
? - What is this value
σa‘ = Ka σv’ – 2 c (Ka)1/2

σa‘ = Ka σv’ 0
σa‘ is the stress distribution

Pa is the force on the wall (per foot of wall)
How is Pa found?
Passive Stress Distribution (c = 0)
49
γ
c=0
Φ
H dry soil
Pp = ?
? - What is this value
σp‘ = Kp σv’ – 2 c (Kp)1/2

σp‘ = Kp σv’ 0
σp‘ is the stress distribution

Pp is the force on the wall (per foot of wall)
How is Pp found?
Stress Distribution - Water Table (c = 0)
50
Effective Stress Pore Water Pressure

H1
Ka γ H1
H2
Pa
Ka γ H1 Ka γ’ H2 γw H2
or
Ka (γ H1 + γ’ H 2)
Pa = Σ areas = ½ Ka γH12 + Ka γH1H2 + ½ Ka γ’H22 + 1/2γwH22

Stress Distribution With Water Table
51
Why is the water pressure considered separately? (K)
Effective Stress Pore Water Pressure

H1 0
Ka γ H1
H2
Pa
Ka γ H1 Ka γ’ H2 γw H2
or
Ka (γ H1 + γ’ H 2)
Assumptions:
COULOMB ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

-Fill material is
granular soil
- Friction of
wall and fill
material is
considered
- Soil failure
shape is plane
(BC1, BC2 …)
Pa = ½ Ka . g . H2
sin 2 (  )
Ka  2
 sin(    ). sin(   ) 
sin . sin   1 
2

 sin(    ). sin(    ) 
COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE WITH A SURCHARGE ON THE

BACKFILL
COULOMB PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE
sin2 (  )
Kp  2
 sin(   ). sin(  ) 
sin2 . sin   1  
 sin(   ). sin(  ) 
Pp = ½ Kp . g . H2
STABILITY
OVERTURNING
SLIDING
BEARING

OVERTURNING
Highway Loading (Surcharge)

OVERTURNING
Overturning Forces
Full Surcharge Here

No Surcharge Here
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge

OVERTURNING
Restoring Forces
Weight of Wall
No Passive
Pressure
Weight of Soil
(with care)
Weight of Soil

OVERTURNING
Restoring Moment
FOS vs OT =
Overturning Moment
A FOS = 2 is considered sufficient

Sliding Forces SLIDING

Full Surcharge Here
No Surcharge Here
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
H1

Resisting Forces SLIDING

No Surcharge Here
Resisting Forces
H2 +  S V
=Coeff of Friction
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
H2
Vc2 Vc3

SLIDING without KEY
Passive Earth Pressure Force+ S V

FOS vs Sliding =
Active Earth Pressure Force
A FOS = 1.5 is considered sufficient

Sliding Forces SLIDING with KEY

No Surcharge Here
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge

Resisting Forces
SLIDING with KEY
No Surcharge Here
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
H
Vc2 Vc3

Find Vertical forces SLIDING with KEY

acting in front and
back of key
No Surcharge Here
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3

SLIDING with KEY

Determine Pressure
Distribution Under Base
e A=B
x
S=B2/6
V
V 6Ve
 2
B B
V 6Ve
 2
B B
B
B/2
SLIDING with KEY

Determine Force in Front of KEY
y2
P1 P2 y3
y1
y3=y2+(y1-y2) (B-x1)/B
B P1=(y1+y3) x1/2
x1
P2=V-P1

SLIDING with KEY

When Pressure Distribution Under
Base is Partially Negative
V e
V 6Ve
 2
B B
V 6Ve
 2
B B
B
B/2
SLIDING with KEY

V e
V 6Ve
 2
B B
V 6Ve
 2
B B
B
x
3x Determine P1 and
2V P2 once again
P1 P2
3x

SLIDING with KEY

Active Earth Pressure Force
Total Sliding Force = H1
Total Resisting Force = P1 tan    P2 + H2
Passive Earth
Force in Front of Key Pressure Force
Internal Friction of Soil Force on and

Back of Key
Friction b/w Soil, Concrete
BEARING
There are two possible critical conditions
1. No surcharge on heel
2. Surcharge on heel

BEARING
This case has been dealt already
No Surcharge on Heel
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3

DETERMINE THE PRESSURE BEARING

DISTRIBUTION UNDER BASE SLAB
Surcharge on Heel
Vs
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3

Determine Pressure
Distribution Under Base
e A=B
x
S=B2/6
V
V 6Ve
 2
B B
V 6Ve
 2
B B
B
B/2
Compare Pressure with
Bearing Capacity
V 6Ve
 2
B B
V 6Ve
 2
B B
B
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
V 6Ve
 2
B B
ALTERNATELY
V 6Ve
V 6Ve  2
 2 B B
B B B
2V/3x
3x
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
2V/3x
END OF PART I
BENDING OF WALL

DESIGN OF STEM
CRITICAL SECTIONS
Critical Section Shear
Critical Section
Moment
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge

DESIGN OF STEM
Design Moment
=1.6 (H1 y1 + H2 y2) Surcharge = s N/m2
h
H1=Ca s h
y1 y2 H2=0.5 Ca gs h2

DESIGN OF STEM
Design Shear=1.7(H '1+H '2)
 hd  h  d  
2
1 .7  H 1  H 2  
 h  h   Surcharge = s N/m2
h
H'1=Ca s (h-d)
H'2=0.5 Ca gs (h-d)2
d

DESIGN OF TOE SLAB
CRITICAL SECTIONS
Critical Section (Shear)
Critical Section
Moment

DESIGN OF TOE SLAB
Design Loads
1.6Soil Pressure
0.9 Self Wt
0.9 Soil in Front
(may be neglected)

TOE : DESIGN MOMENT
1.6(0.5 T y3) T/3

+1.6(0.5 T y1) 2T/3
-0.9 wc T2/2
-0.9 ws T2/2
y3
y1
T

TOE : DESIGN SHEAR
1.6(0.5 Ts) y3 Ts/T

+1.6(0.5 T y1-0.5 d [y1/T] d)
-0.9 wc Ts
-0.9 ws Ts
y3
y1
Ts=T-d

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB
CRITICAL SECTIONS
Critical Section
Moment & Shear
TENSION FACES

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB
DESIGN LOADS
1.6s + 1.2 gs +1.2 gc
Soil Pressure Neglected

BENDING OF WALL

MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Minimum 75 mm Clear Cover

ACI CODE
SECONDARY STEELS
ACI 14.3.2
ACI 14.3.3
ACI Minimum SLAB

END OF PART II
DRAINAGE
Weepers
Or
Weep Holes
Sand + Stone Filter

DRAINAGE
Drainage Pipes f 100-200 mm @ 2.5 to 4 m

DRAINAGE (Alternate)
Perforated Pipe
Suited for short walls

End of Part III
END OF PART III

Active and Passive Limit Conditions
Active
Active Failure Condition movem Failure
Ka = Coefficient of ent Wedge
Active Earth Pressure (45+/2
(Wall Moving Away )
from Backfill)
Passive
(small sx)
Passive Failure Condition movem Failure
Kp = Coefficient of ent Wedge
Passive Earth Pressure (45 -
(Wall Moving Toward /2)
Backfill)
Active
Rankine Active Failure Surface
Failure
45
Pole /2
45
Point
/2
 1  sin  ' 
s ' z  s ' x  
 1  sin  ' 
so..
 1  sin  '   ' 
K a     tan 2  45  
 1  sin  '   2
Passive
Rankine Passive Failure Surface Failure
Pole
45
Point
/2  1  sin  ' 
s ' x  s ' z  
 1  sin  ' 
so..
 1  sin  '   ' 
K p     tan 2  45  
 1  sin  '   2
Consider Mohr’s Circles… sx decreases until failure
Passive sx increases until failure

Failure
movem
ent
Movement
movement… Movement
Stationary
away toward
(at rest)
from backfill backfill
Passive
Failure at Kp
Active
Failure at Ka
Ka < K0< Kp
101
σv’
H
σh’
• We can calculate σv’

• Now, calculate σh’ which is the horizontal stress
• σh‘/ σv‘ = K
• Therefore, σh‘ = Kσv‘ (σV‘ is what?)
102
• There are 3 states of lateral earth pressure

Ko = At Rest
Ka = Active Earth Pressure (wall moves away from soil)
Kp = Passive Earth Pressure (wall moves into soil)
Passive is more like a resistance
σv z
H
σh
At Rest Earth Pressure
103
At rest earth pressure occur when there is no wall rotation such as
in a braced wall (basement wall for example)
Ko can be calculated as follows:

Ko = 1 – sin φ for coarse grained soils
Ko = .44 + .42 [PI / 100] for NC soils
Ko (oc) = Ko (NC) (OCR)1/2 for OC soils
σv z
H
σh
AT REST EARTH PRESSURE
q Jaky, Broker and Ireland  Ko = M – sin ’
Sand, normally consolidated

clay  M = 1
z sv = g . z + q Clayand
Broker with OCR
Ireland >2M=
sv Ko = 0.40 + 0.007 PI , 0  PI  4
0.95
Ko = 0.64 + 0.001 PI , 40  PI 
sh
Sherif and Ishibashi  Ko =  +  (OCR – 1)
sh
K  = 0.54 + 0.00444
sv
(LL – 20)
At rest, K = Ko
 = 0.09 + 0.00111

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DESIGN OF

Metros and Subways

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

s3 = s1 . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)

s3 = s1 . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)

RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE FOR INCLINED BACKFILL

cos   cos 2   cos 2 

For c- soil

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

RANKINE PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

sp= sv . tan2(45+/2) + 2c . tan (45+/2)

Kp = tan2 (45 + /2)

Kp = tan2 (45 + /2)

Relation among three earth pressures

σa‘ = Ka σv’ – 2 c (Ka)1/2

σa‘ is the stress distribution

σp‘ = Kp σv’ – 2 c (Kp)1/2

σp‘ is the stress distribution

Effective Stress Pore Water Pressure

Pa = Σ areas = ½ Ka γH12 + Ka γH1H2 + ½ Ka γ’H22 + 1/2γwH22

Effective Stress Pore Water Pressure

COULOMB ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

COULOMB’S ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE WITH A SURCHARGE ON THE

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Highway Loading (Surcharge)

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Full Surcharge Here

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

A FOS = 2 is considered sufficient

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Sliding Forces SLIDING

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Resisting Forces SLIDING

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

SLIDING without KEY

Passive Earth Pressure Force+ S V

A FOS = 1.5 is considered sufficient

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Sliding Forces SLIDING with KEY

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Find Vertical forces SLIDING with KEY

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

SLIDING with KEY

SLIDING with KEY

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

SLIDING with KEY

SLIDING with KEY

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

SLIDING with KEY

Total Sliding Force = H1

Total Resisting Force = P1 tan    P2 + H2

Internal Friction of Soil Force on and

There are two possible critical conditions