Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials-Stress Transformation 2

9.
Stress Transformation
9.4 MOHR’S CIRCLE: PLANE STRESS
• Equations for plane stress transformation have a
graphical solution that is easy to remember and
use.
• This approach will help
you to “visualize” how the
normal and shear stress
components vary as the
plane acted on is oriented
in different directions.
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9. Stress Transformation
• Eqns 9-1 and 9-2 are rewritten as
 x   y   x   y 
 x '       cos 2   xy sin 2 9 - 9
 2   2 
 x   y 
 x ' y '    sin 2   xy cos 2 9 - 10
 2 
• Parameter can be eliminated by squaring each

eqn and adding them together.
2
  x   y    2
  x  y
 x '      2 x ' y '      2 xy
  2   2 
• If x, y, xy are known constants, thus we compact
the Eqn as,
 x'   avg 2   2 x' y '  R 2 9 - 11

where
x  y
 avg 
2

 x   y
2
R      2 xy 9 - 12
 2 

• Establish coordinate axes;  positive to the right
and  positive downward, Eqn 9-11 represents a
circle having radius R and center on the  axis at
pt C (avg, 0). This is called the Mohr’s Circle.

• To draw the Mohr’s circle, we must establish
the  and  axes.
• Center of circle C (avg, 0) is plotted from the
known stress components (x, y, xy).
• We need to know at least one pt on the circle to
get the radius of circle.

Case 1 (x’ axis coincident with x axis)
1.  = 0
2. x’ = x
3. x’y’ = xy.
• Consider this as reference pt A, and
plot its coordinates A (x, xy).
• Apply Pythagoras theorem to shaded triangle to
determine radius R.
• Using pts C and A,
the circle can now
be drawn.
Case 2 (x’ axis rotated 90 counterclockwise)
1.  = 90
2. x’ = y
3. x’y’ = xy.
• Its coordinates are G (y, xy).
• Hence radial line CG
is 180
counterclockwise
from “reference
line” CA.

Procedure for Analysis
Construction of the circle
1. Establish coordinate
system where abscissa
represents the normal
stress , (+ve to the
right), and the ordinate
represents shear
stress , (+ve downward).
2. Use positive sign convention for x, y, xy, plot the
center of the circle C, located on the  axis at a
distance avg = (x + y)/2 from the origin.
3. Plot reference pt A (x, xy). This pt represents the
normal and shear stress components on the
element’s right-hand vertical face. Since x’ axis
coincides with x axis,  = 0.

4. Connect pt A with center C of the circle and
determine CA by trigonometry. The distance
represents the radius R of the circle.
5. Once R has been
determined, sketch
the circle.

Principal stress
• Principal stresses 1 and 2 (1  2) are
represented by two pts B and D where the circle
intersects the -axis.

Principal stress
• These stresses act on planes
defined by angles p1 and p2.
They are represented on the
circle by angles 2p1 and 2p2
and measured from radial
reference line CA to lines CB and CD respectively.

Principal stress
• Using trigonometry, only one of
these angles needs to be
calculated from the circle,
since p1 and p2 are 90 apart.
Remember that direction of
rotation 2p on the circle represents the same
direction of rotation p from reference axis (+x) to
principal plane (+x’).

Maximum in-plane shear stress
• The average normal stress
and maximum in-plane shear
stress components are
determined from the circle as
the coordinates of either pt E
or F.

• The angles s1 and s2 give
the orientation of the planes
that contain these
components. The angle 2s
can be determined using
trigonometry. Here rotation is
clockwise, and so s1 must be
clockwise on the element.

Stresses on arbitrary plane
• Normal and shear stress
components x’ and x’y’
acting on a specified plane
defined by the angle , can
be obtained from the circle
by using trigonometry to
determine the coordinates
of pt P.

Stresses on arbitrary plane
• To locate pt P, known angle 
for the plane (in this case
counterclockwise) must be
measured on the circle in
the same direction 2
(counterclockwise), from the
radial reference line CA to the
radial line CP.

EXAMPLE 9.9
Due to applied loading, element at pt A on solid
cylinder as shown is subjected to the state of stress.
Determine the principal stresses acting at this pt.

EXAMPLE 9.9 (SOLN)
 avg  12 MPa y  0  xy  6 MPa
• Center of the circle is at
 12  0
 avg   6 MPa
2
• Initial pt A (2, 6) and the
center C (6, 0) are plotted
as shown. The circle having
a radius of
R 12  62  62  8.49 MPa
EXAMPLE 9.9 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
• Principal stresses indicated at
pts B and D. For 1 > 2,
1  8.49  6  2.49 MPa
 2  6  8.49  14.5 MPa
• Obtain orientation of element by
calculating counterclockwise angle 2p2, which
defines the direction of p2 and 2 and its associated
principal plane. 1 6
2 p 2  tan  45.0
12  6
 p 2  22.5
EXAMPLE 9.9 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
• The element is orientated such that x’ axis or 2 is
directed 22.5 counterclockwise from the horizontal
x-axis.

EXAMPLE 9.10
State of plane stress at a pt is shown on the element.
Determine the maximum in-plane shear stresses and
the orientation of the element upon which they act.

EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
Construction of circle
 x  20 MPa  y  90 MPa  xy  60 MPa
• Establish the ,  axes as shown below. Center of
circle C located on the -axis, at the pt:
 20  90
 avg   35 MPa
2

EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
• Pt C and reference pt A (20, 60) are plotted. Apply
Pythagoras theorem to shaded triangle to get
circle’s radius CA,
R 602  552
R  81.4 MPa

EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
• Maximum in-plane shear stress and average normal
stress are identified by pt E or F on the circle. In
particular, coordinates of pt E (35, 81.4) gives
 max  81.4 MPa

in - plane
 avg  35 MPa

EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
• Counterclockwise angle s1 can be found from the
circle, identified as 2s1.
1 20  35 
2 s1  tan    42.5
 60 
 s1  21.3

EXAMPLE 9.10 (SOLN)
• This counterclockwise angle defines the direction of
the x’ axis. Since pt E has positive coordinates, then
the average normal stress and maximum in-plane
shear stress both act in the positive x’ and y’
directions as shown.

EXAMPLE 9.11
State of plane stress at a pt is shown on the element.
Represent this state of stress on an element oriented
30 counterclockwise from position shown.

EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
 x  8 MPa  y  12 MPa  xy  6 MPa
• Establish the ,  axes

as shown.
Center of circle C
located on the
-axis, at the pt:
 8  12
 avg   2 MPa
2

EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
• Initial pt for  = 0 has coordinates A (8, 6) are
plotted. Apply
Pythagoras theorem
to shaded triangle
to get circle’s
radius CA,
R 10  62 2
R  11.66 MPa

EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
Stresses on 30 element
• Since element is rotated 30 counterclockwise, we
must construct a radial line CP, 2(30) = 60
counterclockwise, measured
from CA ( = 0).
• Coordinates of pt P (x’, x’y’)
must be obtained. From
geometry of circle,
1 6
  tan  30.96
10
  60  30.96  29.04
EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  8.20 MPa
 x ' y '  11.66 sin 29.04  5.66 MPa
• The two stress components act on
face BD of element shown, since
the x’ axis for this face if oriented 30
counterclockwise from the x-axis.
• Stress components acting on adjacent face DE of
element, which is 60 clockwise from +x-axis, are
represented by the coordinates of pt Q on the circle.
• This pt lies on the radial line CQ, which is 180 from
CP.
EXAMPLE 9.11 (SOLN)
• The coordinates of pt Q are
 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  12.2 MPa
 x ' y '  11.66 sin 29.04  5.66 MPa (Check! )
• Note that here x’y’ acts in

the y’ direction.

9.5 STRESS IN SHAFTS DUE TO AXIAL LOAD AND TORSION
• Occasionally, circular shafts are subjected to

combined effects of both an axial load and torsion.
• Provided materials remain linear elastic, and
subjected to small deformations, we use principle
of superposition to obtain resultant stress in shaft
due to both loadings.
• Principal stress can be determined using either
stress transformation equations or Mohr’s circle.

EXAMPLE 9.12
Axial force of 900 N and torque of 2.50 Nm are
applied to shaft. If shaft has a diameter of 40 mm,
determine the principal stresses at a pt P on its
surface.

EXAMPLE 9.12 (SOLN)
Internal loadings
• Consist of torque of 2.50 Nm and
axial load of 900 N.
Stress components
• Stresses produced at pt P are
therefore
Tc 2.50 N  m 0.02 m
   198.9 kPa
J  0.02 m 4
2
P 900 N
   716.2 kPa
A  0.02 m4

EXAMPLE 9.12 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
• Using Mohr’s circle, center of circle C
at the pt is
0  716.2
 avg   358.1 kPa
2
• Plotting C (358.1, 0) and
reference pt A (0, 198.9),
the radius found was
R = 409.7 kPA. Principal
stresses represented by
pts B and D.

EXAMPLE 9.12 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
 1  358.1  409.7  767.8 kPa
 2  358.1  409.7  51.6 kPa
• Clockwise angle 2p2 can be
determined from the circle.
It is 2p2 = 29.1. The element
is oriented such that the x’ axis
or 2 is directed clockwise
p1 = 14.5 with the x axis
as shown.

9.6 STRESS VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT A PRISMATIC BEAM
• The shear and flexure formulas are applied to a

cantilevered beam that has a rectangular x-section
and supports a load P at its end.
• At arbitrary section a-a along
beam’s axis, internal shear V
and moment M are developed
from a parabolic shear-stress
distribution,
and a linear
normal-stress
distribution.

• The stresses acting on elements at

pts 1 through 5 along the section.
• In each case, the state of stress
can be transformed into principal
stresses, using either
stress-transformation equations
or Mohr’s circle.
• Maximum tensile stress acting on
vertical faces of element 1
becomes smaller on corresponding
faces of successive elements, until it’s zero on
element 5.
• Similarly, maximum compressive stress of vertical

faces of element 5 reduces to zero on that of
element 1.
• By extending this analysis to many vertical sections
along the beam, a profile of the results can be
represented by curves called stress trajectories.
• Each curve indicate the
direction of a principal
stress having a constant
magnitude.

EXAMPLE 9.13
Beam is subjected to the distributed loading of
 = 120kN/m. Determine the principal stresses in the
beam at pt P, which lies at the top of the web.
Neglect the size of the fillets and stress
concentrations at this pt. I = 67.1(10-6) m4.

EXAMPLE 9.13 (SOLN)
Internal loadings
• Support reaction on the beam B is determined, and
equilibrium of sectioned beam yields
V  84 kN M  30.6 kN  m
Stress components
• At pt P,

 My 30.6 10 N  m 0.100 m

 
3
I 6.74 106 m4  
  45.4 MPa

EXAMPLE 9.13 (SOLN)
Stress components
• At pt P,
 
3
 
VQ 84 10 N0.1075 m0.175 m0.015 m
It 6.74 106 m4 0.010 m  
  35.2 MPa
Principal stresses
• Using Mohr’s circle, the principal
stresses at P can be determined.

EXAMPLE 9.13 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
• As shown, the center of the
circle is at (45.4 + 0)/2 = 22.7,
and pt A (45.4, 35.2). We find
that radius R = 41.9, therefore
 1  41.9  22.7   19.2 MPa
 2  22.7  41.9  64.6 MPa
• The counterclockwise angle
2p2 = 57.2, so that
 p 2  28.6

9.7 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• A pt in a body subjected to a general
3-D state of stress will have a normal
stress and 2 shear-stress components
acting on each of its faces.
• We can develop stress-transformation
equations to determine the
normal and shear stress
components acting on
ANY skewed plane of
the element.

• These principal stresses are assumed
to have maximum, intermediate and
minimum intensity: max  int  min.
• Assume that orientation of the element
and principal stress are known, thus
we have a condition known as triaxial
stress.

• Viewing the element in 2D (y’-z’, x’-z’,x’-y’) we then
use Mohr’s circle to determine the maximum
in-plane shear stress for each case.

• As shown, the element have a
45 orientation and is subjected
to maximum in-plane shear
and average normal stress
components.

• Comparing the 3 circles,
we see that the absolute
maximum shear stress  abs
max
is defined by the circle
having the largest radius.
• This condition can also
be determined directly by choosing the maximum
and minimum principal stresses:
 max   min
 abs  9 - 13
max 2

• Associated average normal stress
 max   min
 avg  9 - 14
2
• We can show that regardless of the orientation of
the plane, specific values of shear stress  on the
plane is always less than absolute maximum shear
stress found from Eqn 9-13.
• The normal stress acting on any plane will have a
value lying between maximum and minimum
principal stresses, max    min.

Plane stress
• Consider a material subjected to plane
stress such that the in-plane principal
stresses are represented as max and
int, in the x’ and y’ directions respectively;
while the out-of-plane principal stress in the z’
direction is min = 0.
• By Mohr’s circle and Eqn. 9-13,
 max
 abs   x ' z ' max  9 - 15
max 2

Plane stress
• If one of the principal stresses has
an opposite sign of the other, then
these stresses are represented as
max and min, and out-of-plane
principal stress int = 0.
• By Mohr’s circle and Eqn. 9-13,
 abs   x ' y '  max
max
 max   min
 9 - 16
2

IMPORTANT
• The general 3-D state of stress at a pt can be
represented by an element oriented so that only
three principal stresses act on it.
• From this orientation, orientation of element
representing the absolute maximum shear stress
can be obtained by rotating element 45 about the
axis defining the direction of int.
• If in-plane principal stresses both have the same
sign, the absolute maximum shear stress occurs
out of the plane, and has a value of  abs   max 2
max

IMPORTANT
• If in-plane principal stresses are of opposite signs,
the absolute maximum shear stress equals the
maximum in-plane shear stress; that is
 abs   max   min  2
max

EXAMPLE 9.14
Due to applied loading,
element at the pt on the
frame is subjected to the
state of plane stress shown.
Determine the principal
stresses and absolute
maximum shear stress
at the pt.

EXAMPLE 9.14 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
The in-plane principal stresses can be determined
from Mohr’s circle. Center of circle is on the axis at
avg = (20 + 20)/2 = 10 kPa. Plotting controlling pt
A (20, 40), circle can be drawn as shown. The
radius is
R 20  10  40 2 2
 41.2 kPa

EXAMPLE 9.14 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
The principal stresses at the pt where the circle
intersects the -axis:
 max  10  41.2  31.2 kPa
 min  10  41.2  51.2 kPa
From the circle, counterclockwise angle 2, measured
from the CA to the  axis is,
1 40 
2  tan    76.0
 20  10 
Thus,   38.0

EXAMPLE 9.14 (SOLN)
Principal stresses
This counterclockwise rotation defines
the direction of the x’ axis or min and
its associated principal plane. Since
there is no principal stress on the
element in the z direction, we have
 max  31.2 kPa
 int  0
 min  51.2 kPa

EXAMPLE 9.14 (SOLN)
Absolute maximum shear stress
Applying Eqns. 9-13 and 9-14,
 max   min
 abs 
max 2
31.2   51.2) 
  41.2 kPa
2
 max   min
 avg 
2
31.2  51.2
  10 kPa
2
EXAMPLE 9.14 (SOLN)
Absolute maximum shear stress
These same results can be obtained by drawing
Mohr’s circle for each orientation of an element about
the x’, y’, and z’ axes. Since max and min are of
opposite signs, then the absolute maximum shear
stress equals the maximum in-plane
shear stress. This results from a 45
rotation of the element about the z’
axis, so that the properly oriented
element is shown.

EXAMPLE 9.15
The pt on the surface of the cylindrical pressure
vessel is subjected to the state of plane stress.
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress at this
pt.

EXAMPLE 9.15 (SOLN)
Principal stresses are max = 32 MPa, int = 16 MPa,
and min = 0. If these stresses are plotted along the
axis, the 3 Mohr’s circles can be constructed that
describe the stress state viewed in each of the three
perpendicular planes.
The largest circle has a radius of 16 MPa and
describes the state of stress in the plane containing
max = 32 MPa and min = 0.
An orientation of an element 45 within this plane
yields the state of absolute maximum shear stress
and the associated average normal stress, namely,

EXAMPLE 9.15 (SOLN)
An orientation of an element 45 within this plane
yields the state of absolute maximum shear stress and
the associated average normal stress, namely,
 abs  16 MPa σavg  16 MPa
max
Or we can apply Eqns 9-13 and 9-14:

 max   min 32  0
 abs    16 MPa
max 2 2
 max   min 32  0
σavg    16 MPa
2 2

EXAMPLE 9.15 (SOLN)
By comparison, maximum in-plane shear stress can
be determined from the Mohr’s circle drawn between
max = 32 MPa and int = 16 MPa, which gives a value
of
32  16
 abs   8 MPa
max 2
32  16
σavg  16   24 MPa
2

CHAPTER REVIEW
• Plane stress occurs when the material at a pt is
subjected to two normal stress components x
and y and a shear stress xy.
• Provided these components are known, then
the stress components acting on an element
having a different orientation can be
determined using the two force equations of
equilibrium or the equations of stress
transformation.

CHAPTER REVIEW
• For design, it is important to determine the
orientations of the element that produces the
maximum principal normal stresses and the
maximum in-plane shear stress.
• Using the stress transformation equations, we
find that no shear stress acts on the planes of
principal stress.
• The planes of maximum in-plane shear stress
are oriented 45 from this orientation, and on
these shear planes there is an associated
average normal stress (x + y)/2.

CHAPTER REVIEW
• Mohr’s circle provides a semi-graphical aid for
finding the stress on any plane, the principal normal
stresses, and the maximum in-plane shear stress.
• To draw the circle, the  and  axes are
established, the center of the circle [(x + y)/2, 0],
and the controlling pt (x, xy) are plotted.
• The radius of the circle extends between these two
points and is determined from trigonometry.

CHAPTER REVIEW
• The absolute maximum shear stress will be
equal to the maximum in-plane shear stress,
provided the in-plane principal stresses have
the opposite sign.
• If they are of the same sign, then the absolute
maximum shear stress will lie out of plane. Its
value is  abs   max  0 / 2.
max

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9.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 1

• Parameter can be eliminated by squaring each

 x'   avg 2   2 x' y '  R 2 9 - 11

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 max  81.4 MPa

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• Establish the ,  axes

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• Note that here x’y’ acts in

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• Occasionally, circular shafts are subjected to

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• The shear and flexure formulas are applied to a

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• The stresses acting on elements at

• Similarly, maximum compressive stress of vertical

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R 20  10  40 2 2

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