CHAPTER 6

HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION, RISK
ASSESSMENT, AND RISK
CONTROL (HIRARC)
 OBJECTIVE
At the end of the session,
student should able to:
i. Understand hazard, risk and
danger.
ii. Know types of hazard.
iii. Understand risk assessment.
iv. Understand risk control.
 HAZARD
 Any source or situation at work
with a potential for harm to
humans;
 Injury, adverse health effects or ill
health, damage to environment
and property, or any combination
of these incidents.
 Hazard Control : The process of
implementing measures to reduce
the risk associated with a hazard.
 HAZARD
 Hazard Identification : Identify
hazard that exists at work in
order to conduct a good hazard
control.
 Identification of undesired events
that lead to the creation of the
hazard and the elements or
conditions by which those
undesired events would occur.
 RISK
 The chances, probabilities or
likelihood of a person being harmed
or experiencing an adverse health
effect, based on the severity of
damages and injuries suffered when
exposed to a hazardous event with a
specific duration.
 Risk is considered high when the
severity of the damages or injuries
are also high.
 RISK
 Risk assessment : Determination
of quantitative or qualitative
estimate of risk related to a
concrete situation and recognize
threats.
 Risk management : The entire
procedures associated with
identifying a hazard, assessing the
risk, putting control measures in
place and reviewing the outcomes.
 DANGER
 Is
a workplace hazard that
puts workers or visitors at
immediate risk of serious
physical injuries or death.
TYPES OF HAZARDS
PHYSICAL

ELECTRICAL BIOLOGICAL

SAFETY CHEMICAL

ERGOMONICS PSYCHOLOGICAL
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
DEFINITION EXAMPLES EFFECTS
A hazard • Radiation • Temporary /
created by • High permanent
factors within exposure to hearing loss
the sunlight / uv • Heat stress
environment • Loud noise • Suffer cramp
that can cause • Vibration • Lose
harm to the from the consciousness
body with or machines • Exhausted
without • Extreme • Heat stroke
actually temperature
contact. • Pressure
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
DEFINITION EXAMPLES EFFECTS
Threats to the • Insects or • Allergies
health of animals bites • Illness
living • Animal and • Diseases
organisms, bird • Itchy
humans. Most dropping • Inhalation
commonly • Blood and (breathing)
associated body fluids • Absorption
working with • Fungi or (skin)
animals and mould • Consumption
people. • Bacteria and (ingesting)
viruses
• Plants
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
DEFINITION EXAMPLES EFFECTS
Expose to • Liquids • Inhalation
any (paints, acids) (breathing)
chemical • Vapors and • Absorption
preparation fume (welding (skin)
in the exposure) • Consumption
workplace in • Gasses (ingesting)
any form of (acetylene, • Illness
solid, liquid propane) • Skin irritation
or gas. • Flammable • Breathing
(gasoline) problems
• Pesticides
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
DEFINITION EXAMPLES EFFECTS
Stressors • Workplace • Mental-
that cause violence related
stress • Workload hazard
(short-term demands • No definite
effects) and • Respect sign to
strain (long- • Control or say indicate any
term about things sickness until
effects) • Social support it is too late.
/ relationship
• Sexual
harassment
ERGONOMICS HAZARDS
DEFINITION EXAMPLES EFFECTS
Occurs when • Improper • Muscular
strain is workstations Skeleton
developed and chairs Disorders
on the • Frequent (MSD)
worker’s lighting • Joint pain
body due to • Poor posture • Unnatural
the type of during lifting position
work, body • Awkward or • Slip disc
positions and repetitive • Injuries
working movements /
conditions. posture
• Vibration
 SAFETY HAZARDS
DEFINITION EXAMPLES EFFECTS
The most • Spills • These
common • Tripping and hazards
hazard at falling objects include
most • Working from unsafe
workplaces heights conditions
• Non-guarded that can
machines cause
• Electrical hazards injury,
• Confined spaces illness and
• Machinery- death.
related hazards
RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ASSESSMENT

QUALITATIVE SEMI-
ASSESSMENT QUANTATIVE
ASSESSMENT

SEVERITY

LIKELIHOOD
QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT
 Qualitative assessment uses a
quantitative analysis to develop the
scales from minor to major levels of
likelihood and severity.
 Qualitative analysis uses words to
describe magnitude or level of the
potential severity of a task and the
likelihood of the severity that could
occur.
 These scales can be adapted to suit
the circumstances and different
description based on the risks and
hazards for different tasks.
 SEVERITY
(KEMUDARATAN)
 Determine by modeling the
outcomes of an events, referring
to experimental studies or past
data and incident happening.
 If the occurrence could create
death and major damages, it
would be identified as the highest
severity, compared to a low
severity occurrence.
 SEVERITY
SEVERITY(S) OCCURENCES RATING
Catastrophic Numerous fatalities, 5
irrecoverable property damage
and productivity.
Fatal / Major Approximately one single fatality 4
and/or major property damage if
hazard is realized.
Serious Non-fatal injury, permanent 3
disability.
Minor Disabling but not permanent 2
injury
Negligible Minor abrasions, bruises, cuts, 1
first aid type injury.
 LIKELIHOOD
(KEMUNGKINAN)
 How often and how possible an
incident could happen.
 The determinant of the level usually
refers to past experience and past
incidents reported based on worker
experience, analysis or measurement.
 Both elements can be combined to
represent the level of risk, according to
the type of risk and the purpose of the
risk assessment output.
 LIKELIHOOD
LIKELIHOOD(L) OCCURENCES RATING
Most likely / The most likely result of the 5
Sangat Mungkin hazard/event being realized.
Possible / Has a good chance of 4
Mungkin occurring and is not unusual.
Conceivable / Might occur at some time in 3
Kurang Mungkin the future
Remote / Has not been known to occur 2
Sangat Kurang after many years.
Mungkin
Inconceivable / Is practically impossible and 1
Tidak Mungkin has never occurred.
 RISK ASSESSMENT
 Risk assessment can be presented
in a variety of ways to show the
results of analysis in order to
make a decision on risk control
 Risk can be calculated using the
following formula:
RISK = L x S
L = Likelihood
 S = Severity
 QUANTITATIVE RISK
ASSESSMENT
LIKELIHOOD
SEVERITY 5 4 3 2 1
5 25 20 15 10 5
4 20 16 12 8 4
3 15 12 9 6 3
2 10 8 6 4 2
1 5 4 3 2 1
 QUALITATIVE RISK
ASSESSMENT
LIKELIHOOD
SEVERITY Most Possible Con- Remote In-
likely ceivable conceivable
Catastrophic High High High Medium Medium

Fatal / Major High High Medium Medium Low

Serious High Medium Medium Medium Low

Minor Medium Medium Medium Low Low

Negligible Medium Low Low Low Low

 RISK ASSESSMENT
INDICATORS
RISK INDICATOR ACTIONS
HIGH (15-25) Requires immediate action to control the
hazard using hierarchy of control. Actions
taken must be documented including date
for completion.
MEDIUM (5-14) Requires a proper risk control the hazard
and to apply temporary measures if
required. Action taken must be
documented.
LOW (1-4) Further reduction may not be necessary. If
the risk can be resolved quickly and
efficiently, control measures should be
implemented and recorded.
 RISK CONTROL
ELIMINATION

PPE SUBSTITUITION

ADMINISTRATIVE
ISOLATION
CONTROL

ENGINEERING
CONTROL
 RISK CONTROL
STEP DESCRIPTION
Elimination • Removing the hazard from the
workplace.
• The most effective way to control
the hazard.
• Hazard is no longer present.
Substitution • The process of changing a current
process, substance or material
into a less hazardous outcome.
• It is possible to perform the same
work in a less hazardous way.
 RISK CONTROL
STEP DESCRIPTION
Engineering • Methods used for the design of a
Control plant, equipment or process to
minimize hazards.
• Very reliable way to control worker
exposures as long as the controls
are designed, used, and maintained
properly.
i. Redesigning procedures/processes.
ii. Isolation. v. Absorption
iii. Automation vi. Dilution
iv. Barriers
 RISK CONTROL
STEP DESCRIPTION
Adminis • Involves planning to minimize hazards.
trative • Are not generally favorable.
Control • Difficult to implement, maintain, and not
a reliable way to reduce.
• It jus lessen the exposure hours because
the hazard is not actually removed.
i. Safe work procedures / policy.
ii. Scheduling maintenance.
iii. Supervision and training.
iv. Job rotation & hygiene.
v. Housekeeping, maintenance, repair.
 RISK CONTROL
STEP DESCRIPTION
Isolation • Process of confining the hazards in a
small area and minimizing the
exposure towards the workers.
• It is hand-in-hand with engineering
controls.
PPE • Protect the user against health and
Control safety risks at the workplace and
reduce hazardous exposure.
• This is the last resort to minimize
exposure of hazards.
HIRARC FORM
END OF CHAPTER 6