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4.0 International License. This presentation is released under Creative Commons- A6ribute,on 4.0 License. You are free to use, distribute and modify it , including for commercial purposes, provided you acknowledge the source. Japanese Culture • Self-Awareness, the Group, and Conformity • One of the most homogenous nations in the world • Strongly aware and proud of their country • High on fashion and technology • Relationships take foremost priority, reflects in business too • Hard work is a given, not a exception Japanese Management • Japanese companies, like Japanese society, are hierarchically organized with individuals knowing their position within a group and with regard to each other Features of Japanese Management • Life time employment • Collective decision making 1] Ringi-sei - The circulation of consultative memorandums around a company in order to achieve consensus. 2]Information flow from the bottom of the company to the top. 3]Most policies originate at the mid-level management 4]Top Management plays only a “supervisory” and “encouraging” role. • Collective responsibility • Slow evaluation and promotion • Implicit control mechanisms • Non specialized career path • High self disciplined • Holistic concern for employee as a person Key elements • Centralized management control • Strong head office/subsidiary manager interpersonal relations • Multiple locations • Business strategy Single product focus Minimize costs of production Maintain consistently high quality output at all factories through standardization of best work practices & procedures Diversify market segments, geographic markets, & production location Strengths of strategy and structure • Qualified senior management • Low costs of production • Quality control • Diversified & strong market positions in established & growing markets • Good reputation – early leader in small motors • Good fit between organization structure & competitive environment Weakness of strategy and structure • Limited scope for continued expansion with existing managerial capacity • Relative difficulty in transferring Japanese management style across cultures • continued growth will be difficult; long term problem is new competitors allowed to establish themselves or if existing competitors were allowed to grow in strength Model of Japanese Management • Hatvany and Pucik (1981) offer a model of Japanese management in which they define three interrelated strategies: The authors assert that these general strategies are translated into specific management techniques including • Job rotation and slow promotion; • Evaluation of attributes and behavior; • Emphasis on work groups; • Open communication; • Consultative decision making; and concern • for employee. Philosophy of Japanese management • Fully satisfaction of customer’s needs • Achieve employee's fulfillment • Slow and careful way of implementing • Willingness to any activity if necessary • Zero-defect theory Concepts given • Six Sigma • TQM • Kaizen approach • Just in time