Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction and
Industrial Surveys
Introduction to Construction and Industrial Surveys
Surveying?
Purpose of Surveying?
- Made to collect data, which can be drawn to
scale on a plan or map. (Preliminary Surveys)
Control Surveys
- Establish reference points and reference lines for
the preliminary and construction surveys.
Construction Surveys
- Provide line and grade for a wide variety of
construction projects (highways, streets,
pipelines, bridges, buildings, & site grading).
Angular Measurement
= 360°
1 revolution
= 60’ (minutes)
1 degree
=60” (seconds)
1 minute
=400.0000 gon
1 revolution
(used in some European Countries)
Introduction to Route Surveying
Mistakes
- are blunders made by survey personnel.
Examples of Mistakes
transposing figures
miscounting the number of full tape lengths in
a long measurement
measuring to or from a wrong point
Introduction to Route Surveying
Route Surveys
- Initially laid out as a series of straight lines
(tangents). Once the location alignment has
been confirmed, the tangents are joined by
circular curves that allow for smooth vehicle
operation at the speeds for which the highway is
designed.
Introduction to Route Surveying: Simple Curves
20 m
10m 10m
D D/2 D/2
R R R R
10
2R 20m 1145.92 D 10 R
R sin D
360 D D 2 R sin
2
Introduction to Route Surveying: Simple Curves
R R 3. External Distance, E
I/2 I
E R sec 1
2
Introduction to Route Surveying: Simple Curves
A. Simple Curve
4. Middle Ordinate, m
PI
I
Back Tangent I Forward Tangent m R1 cos
T Lc
E 2
PC
I/2 L.C. m PT 5. Length of Curve,
L.C.
R
Lc RI rad
R
I/2
Introduction to Route Surveying: Simple Curves
Sample Problems
1. The bearings of the tangents has an angle of intersection
of 141°23’. If the degree of curve is 20° for a chord distance
of 20m. Find the tangent distance.
Solution:
Back Tangent
PI PI
I Forward Tangent 141°23’
E
T T=?
Lc
I/2 L.C. m PT 141°23’/2 m PT
PC PC
10m 10m
R R R 141°23’/2 R
I/2 D/2 D/2
R R
Introduction to Route Surveying: Simple Curves
Sample Problems
1. The bearings of the tangents has an angle of intersection
of 141°23’. If the degree of curve is 20° for a chord distance
of 20m. Find the tangent distance.
Solution:
10
R
First find R: D
PI sin
141°23’ 2
T=?
R = 57.59 m
141°23’/2 m PT
PC
I
find T: T R tan
10m 10m
2
R 141°23’/2 R
D/2 D/2
T = 164.37 m
R R
Introduction to Route Surveying: Simple Curves
Sample Problems
2. In a railroad simple curve, if the angle of intersection of
tangents is 63°04’. And its tangent distance of 70.40 m. What
is the length of the long chord?
Solution:
I
First find R: T R tan
PI 2
63°04’
R = 114.73 m
LC m PT
PC
L/2
find L:
R
10m 10m Sin 31°32’ = L/2
R R
D/2 D/2
R R
L = 120 m.
Introduction to Route Surveying: Compound Curves
B. Compound Curve
Consist of two (usually) or more circular arcs between two
main tangents turning in the same direction and joining at
common tangent points.
Introduction to Route Surveying: Compound Curves
T = T1 + T2 = length of
PI
I=I1+I2
Sample Problems
1. A compound curve laid on their tangents have the following
data : I1 = 31° , I2 = 36 °, D1 = 3° and D2 = 5 °. Find the length
of the common tangent passing thru the P.C.C.
Solution: PI 1145.92
I=I1+I2 First find the R’s: R
D
find L:
R2
R1
I1
I2 Sin 31°32’ = L/2
R
L = 120 m.
Sample Problems
2. Two simple curves having angles of intersection of the
tangents equal to 36° and 68°45’ respectively are joined to
form a compound curve where the P.T of the first curve
becomes the PCC of the compound curve. If the length of
curve of the first curve is 427.14 m. and the length of curve
for the second curve is 235.21 m., find the length of curve
from the P.C, to the new compound curve.
Introduction to Route Surveying: Compound Curves
Solution:
PI I=I1+I2
T1 PCC T2
I1/2 I2/2
T1 I1/2 Lc1 Lc2 I2/2 T2 Lc1 ø Lc2
PC PT
Long Chord L
Cosine Law:
R2 L2= (Lc1)2 + (Lc2)2 -2 (Lc1) (Lc2)cos ø
R1 I2
I1 L = 643.30 m
Introduction to Route Surveying: Reverse Curves
C. Reverse Curve
Note:
I2 PRC = pint of reverse curvature
Cases:
PI1
1. Reverse curve w/ equal
radii and parallel tangents
Lc1 PRC PT 2. Reverse curve w/ unequal
PC radii and parallel tangents
Lc2 3. Reverse curve w/ equal
radii and converging
tangents
4. Reverse curve w/ unequal
PI2
radii and converging
tangents
I1
Introduction to Route Surveying: Reverse Curves
Sample Problems
1. Given the lines and direction as follows: AB = 57.6 m due east,
BC = 91.5 m., N 68° E, CD = 102.6 m., azimuth of 312 °. A
reverse curve is to connect these three lines thus forming the
center line of a new road. Compute the length of the common
radius of the reverse curves.
T1 = R tan 11 °
Solution:
T2 = R tan 32 °
T1 + T2 = 91.5 °
R = 111.69 m
That’s all for today.