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Penyebab
hipoperfusi ginjal:
Hipovolemia
Penurunan volume vaskular efektif
Penurunan curah jantung
Kehilangan cairan
◦ Tindakan operasi (Perdarahan, shock )
◦ Gangguan G I (Muntah, diare, fistula )
◦ Gangguan ginjal (Gangguan ekskresi )
Jantung : Penurunan Cardiac output
◦ Akut : MI, Arrythmias, Malignant h.t, Tamponade,
Endocarditis
◦ Kronis : Kelainan Katup, Cardiomyopathy kronis
Distribusi cairan extrasellular
◦ Hipoalbumin : Nefrotik syndrome, penyakit
hepar, malnutrition
◦ Gangguan fisik : Luka bakar, peritonitis,
crush injury
◦ Vasodilatasi perifer : Sepsis, Obat anti hipertensi
◦ Bilateral renal artery stenosis
Obstruksi pada Saluran kemih
setelah ginjal
Peningkatan resistensi
Antibiotik
• Aminoglycosides
• Cephalosporins
• Sulfonamide, co-trimoxazole
• Tetracyclines
• Amphotericin B
• Polymyxin, colistin
• Bacitracin
• Pentamidine
• Vancomycin
• Acyclovir
• Foscarnet
Obat analgetik
• Methoxyflurane
• Enflurane
Bahan kontrast
• Diatrizoate
• Iothalamate
• Bunamiodyl
• Iopanoic acid
Obat Antiulcer
• Climetidine
• Excess of milk-alkali
Obat diuretik
• Mercurials
• Ticrynafen
Bahan kimia
• Aniline
• Hexol
• Cresol
• Chlorates
• Potassium bromate
Lain - lain
• Dextrans
• EDTA
• Radiasi
• Silikon
• Ε-Aminocaproic acid*
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Pigment Nephropathy
• Myoglobin
• Hemoglobin*
• Metheglobin*
Tumor-Specific Syndromes
• Tumor lysis syndrome
• Plasma cell dyscrasias (e.g. myeloma kidney)
Death
50%