LAYOUT

Ú Nanotechnology Business
Ú What is Nano?
Ú History
Ú What is nanotechnology?
Ú Products of nanotechnology
Ú Approaches
Ú Applications
Ú Health hazards
Ú Future trends
Nanotechnology Businesses
 What is Nano?
GREEK ENGLISH
Ú Simply stated, it is
the world of the Nano = Dwarf
very small things,
such as molecules
and atoms.
 How small is ´Nanoµ? It is REALLY small.
4
  4 
The ´Macroµ World

Think of a child 5 feet tall

which is about 1.5 meters.

To get to the Milliworld divide 1 meter by 1,000

The ´Milliµ world

Millimeter ² the width of the
head of a pin 4 


 How small is ´Nanoµ? Extremely tiny.
To get to the Microworld divide 1 millimeter by 1,000
 

The ´Microµ World

Micrometer - the diameter of
microchips and red blood cells

To get to the Nanoworld divide 1 micrometer by 1,000

The ´Nanoµ world

Nanometer ² the diameter of
atoms and molecules
 How small is Nano?
We have already divided 1 meter 1 billion times to get to the Nano World

A picture of the Nano world

Using the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), electron formations can be viewed.
The image was created and colorized at the IBM Almaden research laboratory in
California
History
Ú 1959 R. Feynman Delivers ´ Plenty of Room at the Bottomµ

Ú 1974 First Molecular Electronic Device Patented

Ú 1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscopic (STM)

Ú 1986 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Invented

Ú 1987 First single-electron transistor created

Ú 1991 Carbon Nanotubes Discovered

Ú 2000 US Launches National Nanotechnology Initiative

Ú 2002. 01 ITRI Nano Research Center Established

 What is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology involves all of the
following:

1. Research and technology

development at the atomic, molecular
or macromolecular levels, in the length
scale of approximately 1 - 100
nanometer range.

2. Creating and using structures, devices

and systems that have novel properties
and functions because of their small
and/or intermediate size.

3. Ability to control or manipulate on

the atomic scale.
 Products of
Nanotechnology
Buckyballs

Buckyballs are graphite (carbon)

sheets rolled into a ball.
V

  
Buckyballs are extremely stable and
can withstand very high temperatures
and pressures.

The carbon atoms of buckyball can

react with other atoms and molecules,
leaving the stable, spherical structure
intact.
Nanotubes
Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)

Originally, discovered as by
products of fullerenes
and now are
considered to be the
building blocks of
future nanoscale
electronic and
mechanical devices.
Nanotube applications
Ú Structural elements in bridges, buildings, towers, and cables.

Ú Material for making lightweight vehicles for all terrains.

Ú Open-ended straws for chemical probing and cellular injection.

Ú Nanoelectronics including batteries capacitors, and diodes.

Ú Microelectronic heat-sinks and insulation due to high thermal

conductivity.

Ú Nanoscale gears and mechanical components.

Ú Electron guns for flat-panel displays.

Ú Nanotube- buckyball encapsulation coupling for molecular

computing with high RAM capacity
Spinach Proteins and Carbon Nanotubes
‡ Spinach contains a chlorophyll-containing protein called
Photosystem I (PSI, pronounced PS One) that upon
receiving a photon of light, exhibits an electrical current
that flows through it in one direction in 10 to 30
picoseconds ³ 100 times faster than in a silicon
photodiode.

‡ Applications in photo battery or solar electric cell. Next

generation opto-electronics might be spinach based rather
than silicon.
Nanopowders
Nanopowders have
improved properties & can be
used to develop increased
stronger and less breakable
ceramics.

They may conduct electrons,

ions, heat, or light more
readily then conventional
materials.

Exhibit improved magnetic and

catalytic properties.
 Nanopowder Applications
‡ Useful in manufacturing
inhalable drugs.

‡ Particles in the micrometer

scale are deposited in the
alveoli of the lung, often
leading to clumping
problems.

‡ We can use smaller

nanoparticles to prevent
clumping by forcing spacing.
 Approaches
Ú Bottom-up: These seek to arrange smaller
components into more complex assemblies.

Ú Top-down: These seek to create smaller

devices by using larger ones to direct their
assembly.

Ú Functional: These seek to develop

components of a desired functionality without
regard to how they might be assembled.
Applications of
Nanotechnology
CANCER
TREATMENT
Nanostructures are used to detect
changes in small percentage of
cells.

Scientists may now be able to

destroy tumors without killing
healthy cells at the same time.

Cancer cells can be killed without

the painful side effects of
chemotherapy
 Space Benefits of Nanotechnology
Space Shuttles will be much lighter in weight and smaller
in size.

Nano sensors and Nano robots.

Astronauts Space suits.

Nanofood.

Nano satellites.

Space elevator.
 Commercial Applications
Areas producing the greatest
revenue for nanoparticles
reportedly are chemical-
mechanical polishing, magnetic
recording tapes, sunscreens,
automotive catalyst supports,
electroconductive coatings
and optical fibers.
 Commercial Applications
Additional products, available today, that benefit from the
unique properties of nanoscale materials, include:

‡ Reduced size transistors used in integrated circuit

‡ Bumpers on cars
‡ Paints and coatings to protect against corrosion, scratches and
radiation
‡ Protective and glare-reducing coatings for eyeglasses and cars
‡ Metal-cutting tools
‡ Sunscreens and cosmetics
‡ Longer-lasting tennis balls
‡ Light-weight, stronger tennis racquets
‡ Stain-free clothing and mattresses
‡ Dental-bonding agent
‡ Burn and wound dressings
‡ Ink
‡ Automobile catalytic converters
 Health Hazards of Nanoparticles
Ú Many industries have jobs where workers handle
nanoparticle materials to produce many consumers· items.

Ú Ultrafine particles can catalyze chemical reactions in the body .

Ú Nanoparticles can enter the body by:

inhalation,
swallowing,
penetration through the skin

‡ Complete information about health

effects is lacking.

‡ Carbon Nanotubes can cause infection of

lungs.
 Future Trends and the Application
of Nanotechnology
Ú Samsung silver Care : A washing machine that
inhibits bacterial growth on the clothes it washes.

Ú Contact lens that will let you check your blood

sugar level by looking in a mirror.

Ú Intelligent nanocoatings for windows that reflect

solar heat in the summer and transmit it in
winter
Contd«
Ú Solar roads which will be able to make solar cells strong
enough to surface roads.

Ú NT could make LCDs brighter, thinner, and cheaper .

Nano-sized polarizers could significantly enhance the contrast
ratio in liquid crystal displays (LCDs).

Ú According to an American scientist, in the future, you might be

reading on foldable electronic paper built from thousands of
single walled carbon Nanotubes.
´The next twenty years would unleash a
new era of nanotechnology when a
fullerene molecule (C6) would be
described in a high school chemistry book
and all materials science textbooks would
contain chapters on nanomaterials.µ
References
www.google.com
nanoInvestorNews.com
http://press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/nanotech/nano03.html
http://www.nanotechfoundation.org/what.html
http://www.ul.ie/~childsp/CinA/Issue58/TOC12_Nanomaterial.
html
http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/alliance/partners/ApplicationTechno
logies/Nanomaterials.html