Chemical Bond

• A bond results from the attraction of nuclei

for electrons
• All atoms trying to achieve a stable octet

• IN OTHER WORDS
• the p+ in one nucleus are attracted to the e- of
another atom
• Electronegativity
Two Major Types of Bonding

•Ionic Bonding
• forms ionic compounds
• transfer of e-

•Covalent Bonding
• forms molecules
• sharing e-
One minor type of bonding
• Metallic bonding
• Occurs between like atoms of a metal in the
free state
• Valence e- are mobile (move freely among all
metal atoms)
• Positive ions in a sea of electrons

• Metallic characteristics
• High mp temps, ductile, malleable, shiny
• Hard substances
• Good conductors of heat and electricity as (s) and (l)
It’s the mobile electrons
-
that enable me tals to
conduct electricity!!!!!!
IONic Bonding

• electrons are transferred between valence shells

of atoms
• ionic compounds are
made of ions NOT MOLECULES

• ionic compounds are called Salts or

Crystals
IONic bonding
• Always formed between metals and non-metals

+
[METALS ] [NON-METALS ]
-

Lost e- Gained e-
IONic Bonding
• Electronegativity difference > 2.0
• Look up e-neg of the atoms in the bond and subtract
NaCl
CaCl2
• Compounds with polyatomic ions
NaNO3
Properties of Ionic Compounds

SALTS
• hard solid @22oC Crystals
• high mp temperatures
• nonconductors of electricity in solid phase
• good conductors in liquid phase or dissolved in
water (aq)
Conditions and factors for the formation of
ionic bonds
Some eircumstances are required for the formations
of lonic bonds are as follows, electron

(1) Electron withdrawing cation atom have1,2 or 3

valence electrons, electron taking anion posses 5,6
and 7 valence electrons. Mostly, element of IA, IIA and
llIA groups are employ as cation, whereas elements
VA, VIA and IIIA groups are preferably occupied as
anions.
(2)The removal of electron from one atom
required some of energy, which is called
ionization energy, should be low so that
electron is easily withdrawn to for cation.
Electron loosing atom required less
ionization energy that it easily eloctron
loose i.e. cation
[3] Anion, other atom must possess high value of
electron affinity so that anion may be formed
easily. Thus one should have low ionization
energy and the other should have a high value of
electron affinity.
(4) While formation of ionic bond some energy
is released this energy is called lattice energy.
lt is defined as the "energy released when
cations and anion ions bind to form an ionic
solid". If Iattice energy is greater, it increases
forces of attraction between cations and
anion, and therefore, ionic bonds are more
stronger Further, Lattice energy is increasing
with increasing the charges of ion and also,
decreasing with the size of ion