Presenter:

Hammad Anis Khan

08-CE-53
 Water treatment describes those processes used to
make water more acceptable for a desired end-use.
 These can include use as drinking water, industrial
processes, medical and many other uses.
 The goal of all water treatment process is to remove
existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the
concentration of such contaminants so the water
becomes fit for its desired end-use.
 One such use is returning water that has been used
back into the natural environment without adverse
ecological impact.
 Following are the processes involved in the treatment of
Water:
1. Pre-Treatment (Screening, Pre-Chlorination etc)

2. pH Adjustment (Coagulation)

3. Flocculation

4. Sedimentation

5. Filtration

6. Disinfection
Suspended solids (or SS): is the mass of dry solids
retained by a filter of given porosity related to the volume
of the water sample. This includes particles of a size not
lower than 10 μm.
Dissolved Solid: Filtrate which has passed thought 0.45µ
filter is evaporated in chine dish. The residue gives the
dissolved solids.
Colloids: are particles of a size between 0.001 µm and
1 µm depending on the method of quantification. Due
to electrostatic forces balancing the gravity, they are not
likely to settle naturally.
 After The process of Flocculation in water Treatment
Sedimentation process takes place.

 Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process

used to settle out suspended solids in water under the
influence of gravity.
 In the process of Flocculation the small particals like
colloids stick together to form bigger particles called as
Flocs.
 Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter
the sedimentation basin, also called a clarifier or
settling basin. It is a large tank with slow flow, allowing
floc to settle to the bottom.
 The amount of floc that settles out of the water is
dependent on basin retention time and on basin depth.
 The minimum clarifier retention time is normally 4
hours. A deep basin will allow more floc to settle out
than a shallow basin.
 As particles settle to the bottom of the basin, a layer of
sludge is formed on the floor of the tank. This layer of
sludge must be removed and treated.
 The amount of sludge that is generated is significant,
often 3 to 5 percent of the total volume of water that is
treated.
 The tank may be equipped with mechanical cleaning
devices that continually clean the bottom of the tank or
the tank can be taken out of service when the bottom
needs to be cleaned.
 Several factors affect the separation of settle able solids
from water. Some of the more common types of factors
to consider are:
 Particle Size
 Water Temperature
 Currents
 The ratio of the length of the tank to the height of the
tank.
PARTICLE SIZE : The size and type of particles to be
removed have a significant effect on the operation of the
sedimentation tank. Because of their density, sand or silt
can be removed very easily. The velocity of the water
flow channel can be slowed to less than one foot per
second, and most of the gravel and grit will be removed
by simple gravitational forces.
The shape of the particle also affects its settling
characteristics. A round particle, for example, will settle
much more readily than a particle that has ragged or
irregular edges.
WATER TEMPERATURE: When the temperature decreases,
the rate of settling becomes slower. The result is that as
the water cools, the detention time in the sedimentation
tanks must increase. As the temperature decreases, the
operator must make changes to the coagulant dosage to
compensate for the decreased settling rate.

CURRENTS : The currents can be beneficial in that they

promote flocculation of the particles. However, water
currents also tend to distribute the floc unevenly throughout
the tank; as a result, it does not settle out at an even rate.

The ratio of the length of the tank to the height of the tank:
The ratio of the length of the tank to the height of the tank
is higher than the ratio of the water velocity to the limit
sedimentation velocity.
 Most sedimentation tanks are divided into these
separate zones:

 Inlet Zone
 Settling Zone
 Sludge Zone
 Outlet Zone
 Inlet Zone: The inlet or influent zone should provide a
smooth transition from the flocculation zone and
should distribute the flow uniformly across the inlet to
the tank. The normal design includes baffles that
gently spread the flow across the total inlet of the tank
and prevent short circuiting in the tank.
 Settling Zone: The settling zone is the largest portion
of the sedimentation basin. This zone provides the
calm area necessary for the suspended particles to
settle.
 Sludge Zone: The sludge zone, located at the bottom
of the tank, provides a storage area for the sludge
before it is removed for additional treatment or
disposal. Sludge is removed for further treatment from
the sludge zone by scraper or vacuum devices which
move along the bottom.
 Outlet Zone: The basin outlet zone or launder should
provide a smooth transition from the sedimentation
zone to the outlet from the tank. This area of the tank
also controls the depth of water in the basin. Weirs set
at the end of the tank control the overflow rate and
prevent the solids from rising to the weirs and leaving
the tank before they settle out.
 There are many sedimentation basin shapes. They can
be rectangular, circular, and square. Three common
types of sedimentation basins are shown below:
1. Rectangular basins are the simplest design, allowing
water to flow horizontally through a long tank. This
type of basin is usually found in large-scale water
treatment plants.
2. Double-deck rectangular basins are essentially two
rectangular sedimentation basins stacked one a top the
other.
3. Square or circular sedimentation basins with horizontal
flow are often known as clarifiers. This type of basin
is likely to have short-circuiting problems.
 Rectangular Basin

Double-deck rectangular basins

Square or circular sedimentation

basins
ANY QUESTIONS??