BONES

AND JOINTS
 Bone
• A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of
the skeleton system.
 The Skeleton
• The average human adult skeleton has 206 bones
joined to ligaments and tendons
• Forms a protective and supportive framework for the
attached muscles and the soft tissues which underlie
it.
• Minor differences between male and female
skeletons: men's bones tend to be larger and heavier
than corresponding women's bones, and a woman's
pelvic cavity is wider to accommodate childbirth.
 Skeleton Function
• movement of body as a whole and of parts by forming joints
that are moved by muscles
• Provide attachment to muscles and tendons
• supports and protects the internal organs
• an efficient factory which produces RBCs from the bone
marrow of certain bones and white cells from the marrow of
other bones
• storehouse for minerals - calcium
 Types of Bones
• Long Bones
• Short, Irregular, Flat, Sesamoid Bones
 Long Bones
• Femur
• Tibia
• Fibula
 Skeletal System-Classification
• Axial Skeleton
– Skull, Vertebral
Column,
Sternum, Ribs
• Appendicular
Skeleton
– Shoulder Girdle
with the Upper
Limb
– Pelvic Girdle
with the Lower
Limb
 Axial Skeleton
Skull
Skull • Rests on upper end of
vertebral column
• divided into cranium and
face
Cranium
14 Facial Bones
Fontaneles of Skull
 Skull Functions
• Cranium protects brain
• Bony eye sockets protects eyes, give
attachment to muscles that move them
• Temporal bone protect inner ear
• Sinuses in face and skull gives resonance to
voice
• Face bones form walls of posterior part of
nasal cavity and form upper part of air
passages
 Skull Functions
• Maxilla and mandible provide alveolar ridges
in which teeth are embedded
• Mandible allows chewing
 Axial Skeleton
Vertebral Column
• 26 BONES
– 24 separate vertebrae extend
downward from occipital
bone
– Then there is sacrum- fusing
of 5 vertebrae
– Lastly coccyx- fusing of 3-5
small vertebrae
A typical Vertebra
Division of
Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae
C1-C7
Thoracic T1-T12
Lumbar L1-L5
Sacral (5 fused)
Coccyx (3 fused)
 Functions of Vertebral Column
• Collectively vertebral foramina forms the
vertebral canal that encloses and protects
delicate spinal cord
• Pedicles of adjacent vertebrae form
intervertebral foramina, one on each side
providing access to the spinal cord for spinal
nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels
 Functions of Vertebral Column
• Numerous individual bones with their
intervertebral disc allows movement of whole
column
• Supports the skull
• intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers
• Giving attachment to the ribs, shoulder girdle,
upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Thoracic Cage
Appendicular Skeleton
• Shoulder girdle with
upper limb
• Pelvic girdle with lower
limb
Shoulder Girdle
• 2 clavical, 2 scapula
• S shaped clavicle-
articulates with
manubrium of
sternum
(sternoclavicular
joint) and forms the
acromioclavicular
joint with acromion
process of scapula
 Upper Limb
• ON EACH SIDE
• 1 Humerous- upper arm
• 1 Ulna and 1 Radius-
fore arm
• 8 Carpal Bones in two
rows of four- wrists
• 5 Metacarpal Bones-
palms
• 14 Phalanges- 3 in each
finger+ 2 in thumb
Pelvic Girdle
• 2 innominate (hip)
bones
• Hip bones- fusion of 3
bones- ilium, ischium
and pubis
• Pelvis- Basin shaped
structure formed by
pelvvic girdle and its
associated sacrum
• Acetabulam- socket into
which head of femur
fits in
 Lower Limbs
• ON EACH SIDE
• 1 Femur- thigh bone
• 1 tibia-shin bone
• 1 Fibula
• Patella- knee cap
• 7 Tarsals- ankle bonnes
• 5 metatarsals- bones of
foot
• 14 phalanges- 2 in big
toe+ 3each in other
toes
 JOINTS
• Place of articulation of 2 • Classification
or more bones • Structurally 3 types
• Allows flexibility and – Fibrous-
movements of skeleton – Cartilagenous
• Allow attachment – Synovial
between bones • Functionally 3 types
– Synarthrosis- immovable
– Amphiarthrosis- slightly
movable
– Diarthrosis- freely
movable
 Fibrous Joints
• No movement possible; 3 types
• 1. Sutures- between bones of skulls; joint
composed of dense connective tissue
• 2.Syndesmoses- great
distance between
articulating surfaces
and more dense
connective tissue than
in a suture
• E.g distal tibiofibular
joint
• Dentoalveolar joint
• Interosseous
membranes- a sheet of
dense irregular
connective tissue binds
neighbouring boines
• Permits slight
movement-
amphiarthrosis
 Cartilagenous Joints
• No synovial cavity
• No movement possible
• Tightly connected by
hyalin cartilage or
fibrocartilage
• 1. Synchondroses- hyaline
cartilage
• E.g epiphyseal (growth
plate) that connects
apiphysis and diaphysis of
a growing bone
• Joint between 1st rib
and manubrium of
sternum
• 2. Symphyses- ends
covered with hyaline
cartilage, but broad, flat
disc of fibrocartilage
connects the bone
• E.g pubic symphysis,
intervertebral joints
b/w bodies of vertebrae
 Synovial joint
• Presence of synovial
cavity
• Freely movable-
diarthrosis
• Bones covered by
hyaline (articular)
cartilage
• Synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid
Types of Synovial Joints
• Planar e.g. Intercarpal,
intertarsal
• Hinge e.g. Knee, elbow,
ankle
• Saddle e.g.
Carpometacarpal joint
b/w trapezium of
carpus and metacarpal
of the thumb
• Ball and Socket e.g.
Shoulder and hip joint
• Pivot e.g. Atlanto-axial
joint
• Condyloid e.g. Wrists
and
metacarpophalangeal
joint for 2nd throught 5th
ribs