CARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEM
BLOOD
{
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD:
1.Transport of gases, nutients, and waste products.
Oxygen enters blood in the lungs and is carried in the
blood to the lubgs , from which it is expelled.
Ingested nutrients, ions, and water are transported
by the blood from the digestive tracts to cells, and the
waste products of the cells are transported to the
kidneys for elimination.
2. Transport of processed molecules. Many
substance are produced in one part of the body and
transported in the blood to another part, where they
are modified.
3. Transport of regulatory molecules. Many of the
hormones and enzymes that regulate body process
are carried from one part of the body.
4. Regulation of pH and osmosis.
5. Maintenance of body temperature. Blood is
involved with body temperature r egulation
because warm blood is transported from the
interior to the surface of the body, where heat is
released from the blood.
6. protection agains foreign substances. Cells and
chemicals of the blood constitute an important part
of the immune system, protecting against foreign
substance such as microorganisms and toxins.
7. Clot formation. Blood clotting provides
protection against excessive blood loss when
blood blesels are damaged.
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Blood
- is a type of connective tissue that consists of cell and cell fragments
surrounded by a liquid matrix.

-the cells and cell fragments are the formed elements, and the liquid is
the plasma.

- the formed elements account for slightly less than half and plasma
accounts for slightly more than half the total blood volume.

-the total blood volume in the average adult is about 4-5 liters(L) in
females and 5-6 L in males. Blood make up about 8% of total body
weight.
Blood components
red blood cells -
45 %

buffy coat- 1%
(white blood
cells)

plasma- 55%
(1-2% other
solutes, 7-9%
proteins,90-92%
water)
PLASMA
- is a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% of water ; 7% proteins
and ; and 2% other substances, such as ions, nutrients,gases, and waset
poducts.
-plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
ALBUMIN(the egg white)
-makes up 58% of the plasma proteins.
-although the osmotic pressure of blood results primarily from sodium
chloride , albumin makes an important contribution.
GLOBULINS
-ACCOUNT FOR 38% OF THE PLASMA PROTEINS.
-SOME GLOBULINS, such as antibodies and complement , are part of the
immune system.
FIBRINOGEN
-is a clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins. Atyivation of
clotting factors result in the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, a
threadlike protein that forms blood clots.
SERUM
-is a plasma without clotting.
FORMED ELEMENTS
-about 95% of the volume of the formed elements consists of red
blood cell(RBC’s), or erethrocytes.
-the remaining 5% of the volume of te formed elements consists
of white blood cells (WBC’s), or leukocytes and ce;; fragments
called platelets or thronbocytes.

Production of formed elements

hematopoiesis
-the process of blood cell production
Red blood cells
-normal red blood cell are disk- shaped cells with edges that are
thicker than the center of the cell.
-the biconcave increases the the surface area of the red blood cell
comparde with a flat disk of the same size.
-the red blood cell can bend or fold around its thin center,
decreasing its size and enabling it to pas more easily through
small blood vessels.
-red blood cells live fpr about 120 days in males and 110 days in
females.
- the main component of a red blood cell is the pigmented
protein hemoglobin, which accounts for about a third of the
cell’s volume and is responsible for its red color.
Red blood cells
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- are spherical cells that lack hemoglobin.
-white blood cells form a thin, white layer of cells between plasma
and red blood cells when the components of blood are separated
from each other.
-they are larger than red blood cells and each has a nucleus.
Although white blood cells are components of blood, the blood
serves primarily as a means to transport these cells to other tissues
of the body.
-white blood cells can leave the blood and move by ameboid
movement through the tissues.
- each white blod cell type is named according to its appearance in
stained preparations. Those containing large cytoplasmic granules
are granulocytes, and those with very small granules that cannot
be easily seen with the light microscope are agranulocytes
White blood cells
basophil
eosinophil
neutrophils
3 KINDS OF GRANULOCYTES

Neutophils (neutral loving)- the most common type

of white blood cells, have small cytoplasmic granules
that stain with both acidic and basic dyes.

Basophils(base loving)- the least common of all white

blood cells , contain large cytoplasmic granules that
stain blue or purple with basic dyes.

Eosinophils (acidic dye loving)-contain cytoplasmic

granules that stain bright red with cosin, an acidic
stain.
2 KINDS OF AGRANULOCYTES

lymphocytes (lymph cell)- are the smallest of the

white blood cell.

Monocytes (one cell)-are the largest of the white

blood cells.

- after they leave the blood and enter tissues,

monocytes enlarge and become macrophages.
The end…?
VEINS
 FUNCTIONS OF PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION

The heart provides the major force that causes blood circulate, and the
peripheral circulation functions to:

1. Carry blood. Blood vessels carry blood from the heart to all tissues of the body
and back to the heart.
2. Exchange materials, waste products, and gasses. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse
from the blood vessels to cells in essentially all areas of the body. Waste products
and carbon dioxide diffuse from the cells, where they are produced, to blood vessels.
3. Transport. Hormones, components of the immune system, molecules required for
coagulation, enzymes, nutrients, gases, waste products, and other substances are
transported in the blood to all areas of the body.
4. Regulate blood pressure. The peripheral circulatory system and the heart work
together to regulate blood pressure within a normal range of values.
5. Direct blood flow. The peripheral circulatory system directs blood to tissues
when increased blood flow is required to maintain homeostasis.
 GENERAL FEATURES OF BLOOD VESSEL STUCTURE

Arteries (resembling a wind pipe)

– are blood vessels that carry blood away from the
heart.
– Blood is pumped from the ventricles of the heart into
large elastic arteries, which branch repeatedly to
form to progressively smaller arteries.
– There are arteries are normally classified as Elastic
Arteries, Muscular Arteries, or arterioles.
 Capillaries
– blood flows from arterioles
– where exchange occurs between the blood and tissue fluid.
– Capillaries have thinner walls.

Veins
– From the capillaries blood flows into veins.
– are blood vessels that carry the blood toward the heart
– Compared with arteries the walls of veins are thinner and contain less
elastic tissue and fewer smooth muscles cells. Veins are classifies as:

•Venules
•Small Veins
•Medium – Sized Vein
•Large Veins
Artery

From the inner to the outer wall of the blood vessels, the layers, tunics
are:
Tunica Intima (inner most)
– consist of an endothelium composed of simple squamous epithelial
cells
– a basement membrane, and small amount of connective tissue.

Tunica Media (middle layer)

– consists of smooth muscles arrange circularly around the blood
vessels.

Tunica Adventitia or Tunica Externa (to come from abroad)

– is composed of connective tissue
– is a denser connective tissue adjacent to the tunica media that
becomes loose connective tissue toward the outer portion of the blood
vessel wall.
 Elastic Arteries
– are the largest - diameter arteries and have the thickest walls
Muscular Arteries
– include medium size and small diameter arteries
– medium size arteries are frequently called distributing arteries
because the smooth muscle tissue enables this vessels to control
blood flows to different regions of the body
– contraction of the smooth muscles in blood vessels, which is
called vasoconstriction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in blood
vessel is called vasodilation
Small arteries
– medium sized arteries supply blood to small arteries
–have about the same structure as the mrdium-sized arteries, except
that small arterieshave a smaller diameter and their walls are
thinner.
Arteriols
-transport blood from small arteries to capillaries and are the smallest
arteries in which the three tunics can be identified.
Elastic artery
Muscular artery
Arterioles
CAPILLARIES

-walls consists of endothelium(nipple) which is a

layer of simple squamous epithelium
surrounded by a delicate loose connective tissue.

-the thin walls of capillaries facilitate diffusion

between the capillaries and surrounding cells
-Blood flow through capillary is regulated by
smooth muscle cells called precapillary
sphincters located at the origin of the branches.
capillary network
Veins
-blood flows from the capillary into venules and from venules
into small veins.

-venules are tubes with a diameter slightly larger than of

capillaries and are composed of endothelium resting on a
delicate connective tissue layer.

-small venules are slightly larger in diameter than venules.

-medium –sized veins collect blood from small veins and deliver
it to large veins.

- the predominant layer is the outer tunica adventitia, which

consists primarily of dense collagen fibers.

-veins having diameter greater than 2mm contain valves, which

allow blood to flow toward the heart but in the opposite
direction.
valve
vein valve
Aorta
-all arteries of the systemic circulation branch directly or
indirectly from the aorta.
-The aorta is usually considered in three parts:
the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta.

Ascending aorta – the part of the aorta that passes superiorly

from the left ventricle.
Aortic arch-the aorta arches posteriorly and to the left.
Descending aorta- the longest part of the aorta.
- the part of the descending aorta that extends through the thorax
to the diaphragm is called the thoracic aorta.
- the part of the descending aorta that extends from the
diphragm to the point at which it divides into the common iliac
arteries is called the abdominal aorta.
branches of the aorta
The major arteries
Arteries of the head and neck
The cerebral artery
Arteries of the lower limb
The arteries of the lower limb
The major veins
Veins of the head and neck
The arteries of the lower limb
Veins of the hepatic portal system
Veins of the lower limb
 The end!

Thank
you!! ;-)